Les premiers chrétiens avaient-ils des images ; étaient-ils aniconiques, n'ayant pas d'images ? Étaient-ils opposés aux images ; étaient-ils iconophobes, les considérant comme des idoles ? Selon ceux qui acceptent la Théorie de l'hostilité des premiers chrétiens envers les images, ces deux mots, aniconique et iconophobe, qualifient les paléochrétiens des trois premiers siècles et les juifs d'ailleurs : les juifs de l'Antiquité et les chrétiens dans l'Empire romain païen n'avaient pas d'images et s'y opposaient parce que celles-ci étaient des idoles selon le 2e commandement : Tu ne feras pas pour toi d'idole ni de ressemblance de rien de ce qui est dans le ciel, en haut, ni de ce qui est sur la terre, en bas, ni de ce qui est dans les eaux, au-dessous de la terre et tu ne te prosterneras pas devant eux et tu ne leur rendras pas un culte... [la Septante : Ex 20, 4-5]. Ce sont les protestants qui ont développé la Théorie de l'hostilité pour étayer leur opposition aux images surtout catholiques, mais aussi orthodoxes, lesquelles images ils nommaient idoles. Si les protestants ont raison, comment expliquer la longue tradition artistique chrétienne ? Fondamentalement, selon les adeptes de la Théorie de l'hostilité, cette tradition s'est développée à cause d'une trahison : les chrétiens des siècles de l'Empire romain chrétien, après 313, ont abandonné le christianisme pur des premiers siècles pendant lesquels les chrétiens refusaient toutes les images parce que celles-ci étaient des idoles ; le résultat : la croissance de l'iconophilie a mené à l' idolâtrie orthodoxe et catholique. Les adhérents de la Théorie ont également interprété tous les écrits des auteurs chrétiens de cette période comme un rejet de toutes sortes d'images. Seule la Réforme protestante du XVIe siècle a pu restaurer la pureté primitive. La Théorie de l'hostilité des paléochrétiens envers toute image repose sur trois piliers : 1) les juifs, avant les chrétiens, étaient aussi aniconiques et iconophobes. Ils interprétaient le 2e commandement d'une manière rigoureuse et absolue, excluant toutes les images comme des idoles. 2) Les premiers chrétiens étant des juifs convertis au christianisme ont apporté avec eux l'aniconie et l'iconophobie de leurs ancêtres juifs. 3) Lorsque les païens gréco-romains entraient dans l'Église, eux qui étaient culturellement iconophiles, ils ont surpassé en nombre les chrétiens d'origine juive et l'iconophilie des uns a remplacé l'iconophobie des autres. La Théorie de l'hostilité dominait le monde savant pendant des décennies, sinon des siècles, jusqu'au début du XXe siècle lorsque des archéologues au Moyen-Orient, surtout en Israël, ont trouvé des synagogues anciennes ornées d'images. La découverte de la synagogue de Doura Europos, les années 1920, couverte d'images bibliques, et datée vers l'an 250 apr. J.-C., ainsi que celle du baptistère chrétien également couvert d'images et dans la même ville, étaient les premières surprises archéologiques qui ont ébranlé la Théorie. D'autres découvertes ont suivi tout au long du XXe siècle. Cette étude examine des textes bibliques, des écrits d'auteurs chrétiens de l'Antiquité et des monuments artistiques chrétiens qui survivent jusqu'à notre temps. Elle cherche à démontrer non seulement que la Théorie de l'hostilité des premiers chrétiens envers les images n'a aucun fondement historique ou théologique, mais aussi que le christianisme est foncièrement iconophile.

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Les Chr?tiens Et Les Images

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