CHAPTER 1
LEUTNANT DER RESERVE WERNER VOSS (13.04.1897 – 23.09.1917)
Werner Voss was born on 13 April 1897 in the Rhineland mill town of Krefeld. Long famed for its quality silk and velvet manufacture, this ancient town still boasts a number of factories that continue a tradition of textile finishing that can be traced back to an influx of Mennonite cloth weavers who settled in the region during the 18th century. Some time in the 1890s, Max Voss, a wealthy industrialist and one of the town's most respected citizens, married his childhood sweetheart Mathilde Pastor; a staunch Evangelical Lutheran who took her faith seriously. It has been intimated in several histories that the Voss family were non-practising Jews, but this has no foundation in truth, and though there was at least one Jewish family of the same name living in Krefeld during the 1930s they were not related to the subject of this book. Voss is a very common name for the region, and at the time of writing the Krefeld directory lists no less than eighty-five telephone numbers for residents named Voss.
Shortly after their wedding Max and Mathilde moved into a large, well-to-do house on Blumenthalstrasse, then a pleasant tree-lined avenue that like most of the town was sadly destroyed by Allied bombing during the Second World War. But before the turn of the century the couple had produced five lively children, two girls Margrit and Katherine, and three boys Werner, Otto and Max. Mother saw to it that they were brought up properly; church on Sundays and Bible readings before bedtime. As might be expected the Voss children enjoyed all the comforts of an affluent background. Their fortune stemmed from a highly successful cloth dyeing business, then situated on Geburstsstrasse, that still exists to this day, though now merged into a larger concern trading as Voss-Biermann Lawaczeck GmbH.
Werner was happy and carefree as a child, and often displayed a natural wit that was popular with everyone, but at times he could be headstrong and impetuous – characteristics that came to the fore during his military career. Afforded a good education at Krefeld's Real Gymnasium, he did well as a student and passed several examinations with distinction. As the years passed he grew into a handsome young man of slim build, topped off with a mop of dark hair. Though not over tall, he had captivating blue eyes that from his early teens won the hearts of many a young Fraülein he chanced to meet in and about Krefeld. Unfortunately, the clouds of war arrested any possibility of his casual liaisons blossoming into long-term relationships, although there was talk of a young lady named Doris, who at some time may have figured large in his life and wrote a touching yet thought provoking letter to his mother in June 1918.
It was intended that the Voss boys would join the family business after completing their education, and no doubt they would have done so, but like so many impressionable young men of that hapless generation they were caught up in a wave of nationalistic fervour that swept through Europe like a tidal wave just prior to the outbreak of the Great War. In April of that fateful year of 1914, notwithstanding German conscription laws, Werner volunteered for his local militia, Ersatz Eskadron 2, a replacement unit for Westfälische Husaren-Regiment Nr. 11, then stationed at Paderborn. At the time the great alliances of Germany and Austria, opposed by Russia, France, and a less enthusiastic Great Britain, were busily stockpiling the powder kegs of war – and looking for an excuse to light the fuse. In April the French Ambassador to Austria wrote: 'Feelings that the nations are moving towards conflict grow from day to day.' In May a US envoy reported to President Woodrow Wilson: 'Militarism runs stark mad ... It only needs a spark.' The spark came in June when a young Serbian anarchist assassinated the heir to the Austrian throne during a state visit to Sarajevo. Heated diplomatic exchanges flew back and forth between the capitals of Vienna and Belgrade and Austrian accusations were followed by demands, which in turn were followed by an impossible ultimatum to Serbia. Self-righteous Austria demanded retribution – but was refused. On 28 July 1914, with the full support of Imperial Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on the tiny Balkan state. Within a matter of days the continent of Europe became irrevocably embroiled in the greatest conflict the world had ever known.
When Germany mobilised Werner Voss was still only seventeen years old, but this did not stop him taking full enlistment in his active service regiment on 16 November 1914. Two weeks later Hussar Regiment No. 11 was ordered to the Eastern Front where, in contrast to fighting in the west, a war of movement was still being fought. However, like so many cavalrymen of that era, the young Rhinelander soon found himself fighting on foot. The battle fronts settled down, and as static warfare spread from the Baltic Sea to far off Galicia, the opposing armies were forced to dig-in. Unpleasant, muddy trenches, constantly swept by shell-fire and flying bullets, were not to his liking at all. Inclement weather only added to his misery and with the onset of that chilling winter of 1914 life in the firing line became particularly arduous. As on the Western Front, the war in the east degenerated into localised acts of attrition that daily took their toll on the men in the trenches. Despite the hardships, and no doubt fortified by the invulner-ability of youth, Voss did his duty and distinguished himself in action on more than one occasion. On 27 January 1915 he was promoted to Gefreiter and by May he had been awarded his first decoration for bravery, the Iron Cross 2nd Class, which was quickly followed by a second promotion to Unteroffizier. But after ten months at the front, and by now feeling there could be no glory dying in a sea of mud far from home, he applied for a transfer to the Imperial German Air Service and was accepted. It is entirely possible that he actually engineered this move by getting himself classified as 'unfit for further infantry and cavalry duties.'
His discharge from the Hussars finally came through, and on 1 August 1915 Voss reported to Flieger-Ersatz-Abteilungen Nr. 7 stationed at Cologne. FEA-7 was a training and replacement depot where recruits were put through a stiff induction course and assessed. Within a month he was recommended for pilot training and on 1 September presented himself at the conveniently located Fliegerschule at Eglesberg field – a wind-swept hill just outside his hometown of Krefeld. Here he proved to be an exceptional pupil, and after completing the course was returned to Cologne on 12 February 1916 to await posting to an operational unit. During the war, German aircrews underwent training at flying schools in Germany and were then returned to their depots for an orientation course that normally included several flights over the battlefront. They were then sent to an operational unit where they were expected to complete a certain number of combat sorties before being awarded their pilot's badge. Werner Voss was no exception, though while languishing at the depot, eagerly awaiting his posting, he was employed as an instructor and at the tender age of eighteen had the distinction of being the youngest in the service.
Voss didn't have too long to wait for the posting to come through. On 2 March he was promoted to Vizefeldwebel, and on the 10th assigned to a newly-formed fighting section, Kampfstaffel 20, which came under the aegis of Kampf-geschwader IV. The Kasta became operational on 28 March and he began his flying career as an observer on two-seaters in the Verdun sector. Here he was employed on bombing sorties, spotting for the artillery, and photographic missions that involved flying over one of the bloodiest killing-grounds in France: Mort-Homme, Fort Douaumont, Poivre Hill, and the dark waters of the Meuse as they gently meandered through the valley of the Argonne. It was a hot place to receive his initiation. General Philippe Pétain, then Commander of the French Armies of the Centre, charged the Aviation Militaire to clear the skies above Verdun; no German could be allowed to cross the lines. But constantly being harassed by anti-aircraft fire, and the often maniacal attacks pressed home by French fighting Scouts, soon taught Voss how to survive in the air. Finally, on 28 May, he received his coveted pilot's badge and the Kasta was hurriedly moved up to the rolling downland of the Somme in preparation for the expected British offensive launched there on 1 July. Voss was glad to get away from the hell of Verdun, but there was to be no respite; he and his Kasta comrades experienced a harrowing time during the opening days of what was to be the long drawn out Battle of the Somme, a gargantuan struggle for a few yards of rain sodden French soil that lasted seven long months and claimed the lives of over half a million men. German observation and photo- reconnaissance machines took a terrific beating from the Royal Flying Corps during the early weeks of the struggle, and by the end of July the nineteen-year-old Vizefeldwebel was noted as the only original member of his unit to survive the intense air offensive mounted by the Allies.
Shaken by two-seater losses, Voss applied for a commission and was posted to the officer training college at Lochstadt Camp on the North Sea coast of East Prussia. Again, he did well and received his advancement on 9 September 1916. As a newly commissioned Leutnant der Reserve he was soon posted to the single-seat pilot's training school, (Einsitzerschule) at Grossen-hain in Saxony, where he converted to fighting Scouts. His service record and family correspondence reveal that in early October he was then sent on a flying visit to Bulgaria, though the purpose of his brief stay there has never been explained.
On 21 November Voss was officially transferred to the most celebrated German fighting squadron of the day, Königliche Preussische Jagdstaffel Nr. 2, then stationed at Lagnicourt-Marcel on the Somme. This posting seems surprising. Jasta 2 had been formed in August 1916 under the leadership of the great Oswald Boelcke, an inspirationalist, brilliant tactician and experienced fighter pilot who, along with his contemporary Max Immelmann, became a national hero and one of the first great aces of the war. The son of a Saxon schoolmaster, Boelcke was known to his men as the 'Master' and eventually to the general public as the Father of the German Air Service. His series of critical reports, and an assessment of the air war prepared for Chef des Feldflugwesens (Chief of Field Aviation) Major Hermann von der Lieth-Thomsen, was instrumental in bringing together the most experienced pilots and loosely grouping them into single-seat fighter detachments known as KEKs (Kampfeinsitzer- Kommandos). Their brief was to achieve air superiority over hotly contested areas of the Front and to clear the skies of their Allied opponents in order to allow bombing and photo reconnaissance groups to go about their business unmolested. Although the concept was experimental, the outstanding success of the KEKs led to the formation of the first all single-seat fighter units, the Jagdstaffeln, seven of which were raised in the autumn of 1916. The Jagdstaffeln, commonly abbreviated to Jasta or Staffel, soon had at their disposal the most formidable German fighting Scout to come off the production lines, the Albatros D I, and shortly thereafter the variant D II. Power provided by a 160 h.p. Mercedes D-III engine enabled this relatively heavy aircraft to carry greater loads aloft than any other fighter of the day and also its two hard-hitting Spandau machine guns that were to reap a grim harvest among Allied two-seater crews in the spring of 1917.
For the most part, Jasta 2 pilots were handpicked, many by Boelcke himself. In the main they were either known to him personally or had been recommended by trusted friends and, without exception, were all men of experience or recognised fighting potential. Within weeks Boelcke had forged them into an elite, and the most successful fighting group at the Front. But by the time Voss arrived the 'Master' had been dead for just under a month, killed in an aerial collision with one of his own men on 28 October 1916. So, had the new commander of Jasta 2, Oberleutnant Stephan Kirmaier, chosen Voss, a young pilot with little experience on single-seaters, or was he previously known to Boelcke? This is a question that may never be resolved, though it is interesting to note that between March and July 1916 Boelcke had been on the Verdun Front with one of the first KEKs equipped with the infamous Fokker Eindeckers that had given the Allies considerable problems in the winter of 1915-16. Boelcke's KEK had been stationed at Sivry in the Consenvoye sector, some three kilometres behind the lines, and was assigned the task of escorting two early bomber groups, BAO and BAM, acronyms for Brieftaube Abteilung Ostende and Brieftaube Abteilung Metz, better known as The Carrier Pigeons. The incongruous cover names were intended to fool the Allies into thinking these units were simply concerned with intelligence gathering, but it wasn't too long before their true purpose was established. Voss' own bombing group was attached to BAM during March and May, and Boelcke's Eindeckers often flew with them. Which begs the question, did they actually meet, or was the Master simply apprised of Voss' two-seater exploits by friends in Kampf- geschwader IV? The inclusion of a signed Boelcke portrait photograph among the few Voss papers that survived the Allied bombing of Krefeld in the Second World War, now held in the town's Stadtarchiv, suggests that they did know each other.
Stephan Kirmaier succeded Boelke as Staffelführer on 30 October, but survived only twenty-five days before being shot down over Lesboeufs by DH2s of 24 Squadron RFC – one day after Voss was officially assigned to the Staffel. The burden of leadership was then thrust upon Hauptmann Franz Josef Walz, an experienced thirty-one-year-old pre-war military pilot who took command of the unit on 29 November. Although recognised as a born leader by his superiors Walz was no Boelcke, and it wasn't long before his ability to command the unit effectively was brought into question. In the meantime, Voss slotted comfortably into the flight commanded by one of the Master's star pupils, an up- and-coming aristocrat and former Uhlan cavalryman, Leutnant Manfred Freiherr von Richthofen – and from this point their careers became inextricably linked.
Although the two airmen were at opposite ends of the social spectrum they soon became friends, for if nothing else Richthofen judged a pilot by his flying ability and fighting spirit and not by his station in life. It has been intimated in several histories that Voss and the soon to be christened 'Red Baron' never got on, and that this led to antagonism. This is improbable. There was indeed a certain rivalry between them, but this could only have been professional – or at worst one-sided. Though he was never in awe of the man, Voss respected Richthofen as a leader and accomplished tactician, and for his part Richthofen recognised a born air-fighter when he saw one. In this respect their abilities complimented each other: Richthofen went on to become a great leader of men and Germany's highest scoring ace, but was never considered a great pilot – and while Voss went on to become possibly the greatest German fighter pilot of them all he was, by his own admission, never a great leader.
By mid-1917 the pair were household names, idolised by the German public, and unlike their British counterparts whose daring exploits were rarely publicised due to the RFC's rigid policy of anonymity, they were fêted by the press and treated almost as equals. Although, after witnessing one of Richthofen's victories over an outclassed two-seater, which had taken 600 rounds of precious ammunition to bring down near Givenchy-en- Gohelle, Voss wrote: 'He is a great fighter and has done wonderful work for the Fatherland, but I do not believe that he is better than I am.' It was said without undue pretension, as the cloth dyer's son was well aware of his own limitations. There is no question that Voss thought Richthofen a close friend, and it is known that Richthofen reciprocated in some measure. Their friendship extended to sharing an interest in photography, and on more than one occasion they took leaves together that included visits to the Voss family home in Krefeld. Moreover, Richthofen had an open invitation to use the family's hunting lodge in the Black Forest whenever he found time to indulge his passion for the chase – hardly a courtesy to be extended to someone disliked.
