Second Continental Congress (13 results)

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1½ pages, folio, written on recto and verso of a single sheet; minor loss to few scattered letters from ink burn, folds. SIGNER'S CONGRESSIONAL RESOLUTION ON THE MAINTENANCE OF PRISONERS OF WAR (AMERICAN REVOLUTION.) MIDDLETON, ARTHUR. Autograph Document, unsigned, draft of resolution for the Continental Congress, resolving to investigate passports which authorize the importing of British goods for use by prisoners of war, resolving to create an inventory of goods at Lancaster [PA] that can be used to supply the prisoners, and resolving to control goods imported for prisoners by enforcing a contraband list. A mono-alphabetic cipher key is written vertically on verso, likely in holograph. "Resolved--That investigation be made by the Sec'y at War & that he report to Congress the Causes why Passports have been granted for the Introduction of British goods under Colour of supplying the British Prisoners with necessaries & the Names of Persons by whom such Passports were granted. "That the Sec'y at War cause an inventory to be taken of the British goods now at Lancaster, & that He take measures for returning such Articles to N[ew]York as he may judge to be improper for the supply of Soldiers, & some calculated for the purposes of Trafficking with the Citizens of these States. "That the Persons authorized to grant Passports or permissions for the Necessaries intended for the British Prisoners be charged to scrutinize strictly into the Packages & parcells forwarded for that purpose, & to let none pass but such as contain necessary Articles bona fide intended for the Use of the Prisoners and agreeable to a Schedule pick'd by the Sec'y at War limiting the Articles in quantity & Quality proportion'd to the Number of Prisoners & agreeable to the usual mode of supplying Soldiery by the Powers to where they belong. "That the Sec'y at War draw up a Schedule of such Articles as will be allow'd the Prisoners in future, & that the British Commissaries be inform'd that, if any extra Articles different in quantity & quality from the said Schedule should be attempted to be forwarded, the said Extra Articles shall be held to be contraband, & the whole of the parcells or packages in which they are contained shall be forfeited to the use of the United States. "That the American Officers commanding the posts where such Prisoners are Kept, be directed to Search the Bales & Packages & see that the Articles agree with the Invoices mentioned in the Passports, previous to their being issued to the Soldiery, & that he make proper returns to the Board of War." The present resolution may have been abandoned by Middleton and replaced by his related motion of June 11, 1782: "Resolved, That the Commander in Chief be instructed to make a demand upon Sir Guy Carleton [commander-in-chief of all British forces in North America], to discharge the arrears due to the United States, for the maintenance of the British prisoners . . . ." Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, 17741789 (Washington, 190437), XXII: 324. Cipher keys were used frequently during the Revolutionary War by spies and others to prevent important communications from being understood by the enemy. Most keys were simple, like that used in the present document, in which one could create an encrypted message by finding, for each alphabetic letter in the original message, the matching letter in the top row of the key, and writing down the letter found just below it. The recipient could decode the message by employing the identical key in reverse. Most of the extant examples of Middleton's autograph--among the most uncommon of all the signers of the Declaration of Independence--are enumerated in "A Census of Important Middleton Documents" in Joseph E. Fields's article, "The Autographs of Arthur Middleton," where the present resolution is listed as No. 42. Taylor, ed., Manuscripts: The First Twenty Years (Westport, 1984), 86-104.

No binding. Condition: Fine. The New-England Chronicle, or the Essex Gazette (illustrator). Newspaper. The New-England Chronicle, or the Essex Gazette. August 31-September 7, 1775 (Vol. 8, No. 371). Printed at Stoughton Hall, Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Samuel Hall and Ebenezer Hall. Includes front-page printing of Opinion of Congress in Response to Lord Norths Conciliatory Proposal (July 31, 1775), written by Thomas Jefferson, signed in type by John Hancock; and Resolution of Congress Clarifying Non-Importation Agreement (August 1, 1775). The original subscriber to this issue was Dr. John Wingate (1743-1819) of Hallowell, Maine (Massachusetts), who served as an army surgeon in the Revolutionary War. 4 pp., 10 x 15 1/2 in. "The colonies of America are entitled to the sole and exclusive privilege of giving and granting their own money.It is a high breach of this privilege for any body of men, extraneous to their constitutions.to take to themselves the authority of judging of their conditions.""it is the DESPOTISM of the CROWN and the SLAVERY of the people which the ministry aim at. For refusing those attempts, and for that only the Americans have been inhumanly murdered by the King's Troops."Historic backgroundOn the night of April 18, 1775, Paul Revere rode to Lexington to warn that the British were coming. 700 British troops were met on Lexington Green by local minutemen; the skirmish left eight Americans dead. As the British continued to the armory at Concord, hundreds of minutemen and militiamen responded. The British were forced to march back to Boston; on the way, American snipers took a deadly toll. The war had begun in earnest. Convening in Philadelphia in September and October 1774, the First Continental Congress met to consider a unified response to the British Parliament's Intolerable Acts. Delegates agreed to boycott British goods beginning on December 1, 1774, and threatened to boycott the West Indies if those islands did not agree to non-importation of British goods. Congress also declared that if the Intolerable Acts were not repealed by September 10, 1775, the colonies would cease exports to Britain. They also called for a second meeting the following spring.The Second Continental Congress convened on May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies present; Georgia's delegates arrived in mid-July. On June 14, the Congress created the Continental Army out of militia units besieging the British army in Boston and appointed George Washington to command it.On July 6, Congress approved a Declaration setting forth the Causes and Necessity of their taking up arms, and two days later, extended the Olive Branch Petition to the British Crown to seek reconciliation.Meanwhile, in February, Prime Minister Lord North (1732-1792) had taken an unexpectedly conciliatory tone, which he proposed to the House of Lords on February 20 and dated February 27. Parliament sent it to the individual colonies in North America. The resolution read: "Resolved, That it is the opinion of this Committee, that when the Governour, Council, and Assembly, or General Court, of any of his Majesty's Provinces or Colonies in America, shall propose to make provision, according to the condition, circumstances, and situation of such Province or Colony, for contributing their proportion to the common defence, (such proportion to be raised under the authority of the General Court, or General Assembly of such Province or Colony, and disposable by Parliament,) and shall engage to make provision also for the support of the Civil Government, and the Administration of Justice, in such Province or Colony, it will be proper if such proposal shall be approved by his Majesty and the two Houses of Parliament, and for so long as such provision shall be made accordingly, to forbear, in respect of such Province or Colony, to levy any Duty, Tax, or Assessment, or to impose any farther Duty, Tax, or Assessment, except only such Duties as it may be expedient t. (See website for full description). Newspaper.

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