We live in an increasingly pharmacological and medical world, in which children and adults frequently encounter alleged treatments for an enormous range of illnesses. How do we come to understand what heals and why? Here, 15 studies explore how 1,414 children (ages 5–11) and 882 adults construe the efficacies of different kinds of cures. Developmental patterns in folk physics, folk psychology, and folk biology lead to predictions about which expectations about illnesses and cures will remain relatively constant across development and which expectations will undergo change. With respect to a constant framework, we find that even young school children distinguish between physical and psychological disorders and the treatments that would be most effective for those disorders. In contrast, younger children reason differently about temporal properties associated with cures. They often judge that dramatic departures from prescribed schedules will continue to be effective. They are also less likely than older ages to differentiate between the treatment needs of acute versus chronic disorders, which in turn reflect different intuitions about how medicines work. Younger children see medicines as agent-like entities that migrate only to afflicted regions while having "cure-all" properties, views that help explain their difficulties grasping side effects. They also differ from older children and adults by judging pain and effort as reducing, instead of enhancing, a treatment's power. Finally, across all studies, optimism about treatment efficacy declines with age. Taken together, these studies show major developmental changes in how children envision the ways medicines and other cures work in the body. These findings reveal new dimensions of folk biology and its links to broader patterns in cognitive development. They also carry strong implications for how medicines should be provided and explained to children, as well as for what kinds of medication myths might persevere even in adults.

About the Author

Kristi L. Lockhart is a Senior Lecturer and Research Scientist in the Department of Psychology at Yale University. A licensed clinical psychologist, her research focuses on children’s social cognition, particularly optimism, person perception, and beliefs about the potential for change in self and others.

Frank C. Keil is the Charles C. & Dorathea S. Dilley Professor of Psychology, Linguistics, and Cognitive Science at Yale University and Chair of the Department of Psychology. Much of his research involves asking how intuitive explanations and understandings emerge in development and how they are related to notions of cause, mechanism, and agency.

Karl S. Rosengren is a Professor of Psychology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. His research focuses on cognitive and motor development.

Matthew J. Jiang is a PhD candidate in Psychology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. His research centers on how individuals conceptualize how to stay healthy, and whether these mental representations predict behavior.

Charles W. Kalish is a Professor of Educational Psychology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. His work focuses on the development of inductive inference and social cognition.

David Menendez is a PhD candidate in Psychology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. His research focuses on how cognitive constraints influence children’s biological reasoning.

Iseli G. Hernandez is a PhD candidate in Psychology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. She is interested in how parents transmit information about health and illness to their children and how this might vary across cultures.

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