Early in the 20th century, our world was small and closed with boundaries. And, there were no appreciable changes. Therefore, we could foresee the future. These days, however, we could apply mathematical rationality and solve problems without any difficulty.
As our world began to expand rapidly and boundaries disappeared, the problem of bounded rationality emerged. Engineeres put forth tremendous effort to overcome this difficulty and succeeded in expanding the bounds of mathematical rationality, thereby establishing the ""Controllable World.""
However, our world continues to expand. Therefore such an approach can no longer be applied. We have no other choice than ""satisficing"" (Herbert A. Simon's word, Satisfy + Suffice).
This expanding open world brought us frequent and extensive changes which are unpredictable and diversification and personalization of customer expectations. To cope with these situations, we need diverse knowledge and experience. Thus, to satisfy our customers, we need teamwork.
These changes of environments and situations transformed the meaning of value. It used to mean excellent functions and exact reproducibility. Now, it means how good and flexible we can be to adapt to the situations. Thus, adaptability is the value today.
Although these changes were big, and we needed to re-define value, a greater shift in engineering is now emerging. The Internet of Things (IoT) brought us the ""Connected Society,"" where things are connected. Things include not only products, but also humans.
As changes are so frequent and extensive, only users know what is happening right now. Thus, the user in this Connected Society needs to be a playing manager—he or she should manage to control the product-human team on the pitch.
Moreover, this Connected Society will bring us another big shift in engineering. Engineering in this framework will become Social Networking, with engineering no longer developing individual products and managing team products.
The Internet works two ways between the sender and the receiver. Our engineering has ever been only one way. Thus, how we establish a social networking framework for engineering is a big challenge facing us today. This will change our engineering. Engineers are expected to develop not only products, but also such dream society.
This book discusses these issues and points out that New Horizons are emerging before us. It is hoped that this book helps readers explore and establish their own New Worlds.
Shuichi Fukuda is Advisor to the System Design and Management Research Institute of Keio University, Japan and Professor Emeritus of Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Technology and Tokyo Metropolitan University. He was a Research Associate at University of Tokyo, Associate Professor at Osaka University, Japan, Professor, Dean of Engineering and Dean of Library and Information Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Japan, and Director of Government, Industry and University Collaboration Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. He was a Consulting Professor, and Visiting Professor at Stanford University, a Visiting Professor at West Virginia University, Cranfield University, UK, Osaka University, Japan, The Open University, Japan, and a Visiting Associate Professor at University of Tokyo, Japan. He is the editor of many engineering books, in addition to his own numerous research publications. He served as President of ISPE (International Society for Productivity Enhancement), Vice President of IEEE Reliability Society, Deputy Group Leader of Systems and Design, ASME, and Division Chair of Computers and Information Engineering, ASME. He is a Member of the Engineering Academy of Japan, Honorary Member of JSME, Glory Member of REAJ, and a Fellow of ASME, IEICE, and ISPE.
