If you want to know where you are, you need a good clock. The surprising connection between time and place is explored in Time and Navigation: The Untold Story of Getting from Here to There, the companion book to the National Air and Space Museum exhibition of the same name.

Today we use smartphones and GPS, but navigating has not always been so easy. The oldest "clock" is Earth itself, and the oldest means of keeping time came from observing changes in the sky. Early mariners like the Vikings accomplished amazing feats of navigation without using clocks at all. Pioneering seafarers in the Age of Exploration used dead reckoning and celestial navigation; later innovations such as sextants and marine chronometers honed these techniques by measuring latitude and longitude. When explorers turned their sights to the skies, they built on what had been learned at sea. For example, Charles Lindbergh used a bubble sextant on his record-breaking flights. World War II led to the development of new flight technologies, notably radio navigation, since celestial navigation was not suited for all-weather military operations. These forms of navigation were extended and enhanced when explorers began guiding spacecraft into space and across the solar system. Astronauts combined celestial navigation technology with radio transmissions. The development of the atomic clock revolutionized space flight because it could measure billionths of a second, thereby allowing mission teams to navigate more accurately. Scientists and engineers applied these technologies to navigation on earth to develop space-based time and navigation services such as GPS that is used every day by people from all walks of life.

While the history of navigation is one of constant change and innovation, it is also one of remarkable continuity. Time and Navigation tells the story of navigation to help us understand where we have been and how we got there so that we can understand where we are going.

About the Author

ANDREW K. JOHNSTON is a geographer at the National Air and Space Museum, where he researches earth science and environmental change and performs outreach on earth and space science. ROGER D. CONNOR is curator of instruments and avionics at the National Air and Space Museum. CARLENE E. STEPHENS is the curator of timekeeping at the National Museum of American History. PAUL E. CERUZZI is the curator of aerospace electronics and computing at the National Air and Space Museum.

The Smithsonian&;s National Air and Space Museum possesses one of the largest collections of aviation and space artifacts in the world. The Smithsonian&;s National Museum of American History explores the richness and complexity of the nation&;s history.  Both museums welcome millions of visitors a year, making them among the most visited museums in the world.

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