Surfactants are molecules that contain groups that are water-loving (hydrophilic) and oil-loving (lipophilic). The central question in formulations is often which of the two portions dominate the behavior of the surfactant. For many years that question was answered in terms of the surfactant structure only. However, the modern view is that the hydrophilic-lipophilic nature of the surfactant is the result of surfactant structure and formulation conditions (nature of the oil, temperature, aqueous phase composition) as captured by a semi-empirical equation called the hydrophilic-lipophilic difference (HLD). The HLD is a dimensionless number that indicate the approach to the point where the surfactant inverts its solubility from being water-soluble (negative HLD) to oil-soluble (positive HLD). The HLD alone is a good indicator of how the formulation could behave but it does not produce any formulation property that can be used to predict product performance. The net-average curvature (NAC) are a set of equations that take the value of HLD to predict the properties of the formulation, such as oil (and/or water) solubilization capacity, interfacial tension, phase diagrams, contact angle and others.

Surfactant Formulation Engineering using HLD and NAC will not only introduce the reader to HLD-NAC but also to the practical use of these concepts in numerous applications ranging from application in the petroleum industry, to environmental remediation, to food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications, and even nanotechnology. The last part of the book will look at the molecular origins of the empirical terms in HLD via the Integrated Free Energy Model (IFEM).

Concentrates on the HLD and NAC, providing industrially-relevant examples
Provides the only single depository for HLD parameters
Balances theory and application, with insights from both academic and industrial authors
Includes examples relevant to a wide range of fields, with practical guides on how to go from the formulation objective(s) to an actual formulation design

About the Authors

Edgar Acosta is a Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry at the University of Toronto. He received his BSc in Chemical Engineering from the Universidad del Zulia (Venezuela) in 1996, and his MSc and PhD in Chemical Engineering from the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, in 2000 and 2004, respectively. He has published 90 research articles in the area of colloids, complex fluids, and formulation engineering.

Jeffrey Harwell works at the University of Oklahoma in OK, USA.

David A Sabatini works at University of Oklahoma in USA

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