Rapid Methods in Water Microbiology,
Suitability of Microbial Assays for Potable Water and Wastewater Applied to Land C.W. Keevil, 3,
Solid Phase Cytometry for Rapid Detection of Total Coliform and E. coli, Including O157:H7, in Water and Food B.H. Pyle, G.A. McFeters, S.O. Van Poucke and H.J. Nelis, 27,
Rapid Same-Day Microcolony Enumeration Technique for E. coli in Drinking Water D.P. Sartory, A. Parton and C. Rackstraw, 31,
Immunomagnetisable Separation for the Recovery of Cryptosporidium sp. Oocysts C.A. Paton, D.E. Kelsey, E.A. Reeve, K. Punter, J.H. Crabb and H. V. Smith, 38,
Use of a Combined IMS/Laser Scanning Procedure for the Separation and Subsequent Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts from Water Concentrates D. T. Reynolds, R.B. Slade and C.R. Fricker, 44,
Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Parasites and Viruses C.P. Gerba, K.A. Reynolds, S.E. Dowd and I.L. Pepper, 49,
A Rapid Detection Method and Infectivity Assay for Water-borne Cryptosporidium Using PCR and In vitro Cell Culture R. De Leon, P.A. Rochelle, H. Baribeau, M.H. Stewart and R.L. Wolfe, 55,
Molecular Techniques for the Detection of Bacterial Pathogens in Drinking Water N. Lightfoot, M. Pearce, B. Place, and C. Salgado, 59,
Application of PCR for the Detection of Viable Pathogenic Bacteria from Water Samples K. Delabre, M.-R. de Roubin, V. Lahoussine, P. Cervantes and J.-C. Joret, 66,
Rapid Methods in Water Chemistry,
Rapid Chemical Assays Based on Test Kits M.D. Buck, 73,
A Contribution to Convenience for Enzyme-based Assays of Pesticides in Water A.L. Hart and W.A. Collier, 80,
Water Quality Control in the Netherlands: Selection and Evaluation of Indicative Methods E.P. Meulenberg, 84,
Analytical Microsystems – An Overview D.H. Craston and S. Cowen, 93,
Rapid Detection of Changes in Fluid Composition Using On-line Impedance Spectroscopy M.E.H. Amrani, R.M. Dowdeswell and P.A. Payne, 10,
The Electrochemical Detection of Pentachlorophenol (PCP) Using the Inhibition of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) as a Model System S.J.Young, A.A. Dowman, J. Hart and D.C. Cowell, 105,
Microbiotests for Rapid and Cost-effective Hazard Assessment of Industrial Products, Effluents, Wastes, Waste Leachates and Groundwaters G. Persoone, 109,
Use of Lux Bacterial Biosensors for Rapid Toxicity Detection and Protection of Sewage Treatment Processes K. Killham, A.M. Horsburgh, D.P. Mardlin, I. Caffoor, L.A. Glover and M.S. Cresser 116,
Rapid Detection of Residual Cleaning Agents and Disinfectants in Food Factories J. Lappalainen, S. Loikkanen, M. Havana, M. Karp, A.-M. Sjöberg and G. Wirtanen, 121,
Rapid Methods in Food Microbiology,
Food Sample Preparation and Enrichment for Rapid Detection A.N. Sharpe, 129,
The Separation of Food Pathogens Using Chromatographic Techniques T.N. Whitmore and P.D. Gray, 138,
The Accreditation of Microbiological Test Methods R. Betts, 142,
The Use of a Minimal Number of Vapour Sensors for the Assessment of Food Quality B.P.J. de Lacy Costello, R.J. Ewen, H.E. Gunson, N.M. Ratcliffe and P.T.N. Spencer-Phillips, 148,
Rapid Detection of Enterobacteriaceae in Dehydrated Foods Using Impedance Microbiology: Critical Role of the Pre-enrichment Phase A. Pridmore and P. Silley, 152,
Immunoassays for Rapid Detection of Foodborne Pathogens and Toxins: A Review P. C. Vasavada, 157,
Use of Bacteriophage for Rapid Detection of Microorganisms R.J. Mole, 166,
Rapid Methods for Enumerating the Heterotrophic Bacteria in Bottled Natural Mineral Water M. Fitzgerald, M. Kerr and J.J. Sheridan, 170,
Development of Methods to Detect Foodborne Viruses A.S. Kurdziel, N. Wilkinson, S.H. Gordon and N. Cook, 175,
CEN Validation of Rapid Alternative Microbiological Methods (MICROVAL) R. Holbrook, 178,
Rapid Methods in Food Chemistry,
Biosensors for Pesticide Residues in the Environment and in Food P.M. Krämer, 183,
Development of Disposable Immunosensors for the Rapid Assay of Seafood Toxins L. Micheli, D. Moscone, S. Marini, S. Di Stefano and G. Palleschi, 190,
Selective Electrochemical Biosensors for Application in Food Quality Control G. Palleschi, D. Compagnone and D. Moscone, 194,
Flow-through Enzyme Immunoassay Kits for the Rapid Detection of the Mycotoxins Ochratoxin A, T-2 Toxin and Aftatoxin M1 in Food and Feed S. De Saeger, L. Sibanda and C. Van Peteghem, 202,
Evaluation of Novel In vitro Assays for the Detection of Botulinum Toxins in Foods M. Wictome, K. Newton, K. Jameson, P. Dunnigan, S. Clarke, S. Wright, J. Gaze, A. Tauk, K.A. Foster and C.C. Shone, 206,
DNA Based Methods for Meat Authentication R.G. Bardsley and A.K. Lockley, 210,
The Application of DNA Based Techniques for the Determination of Food Authenticity J. Sawyer, D. Hunt, N. Harris, S. Gout, C. Wood, H. Gregory, D. McDowell, R. Barallon and H. Parkes, 220,
Testing for Genetically Modified Components in Foods – Present and Future Challenges A.B. Hanley, H. Hird and M.L. Johnson, 225,
Toxicological End-points – The Zero Rabbit Option E.J. Hughson, S.L. Oehlschlager and A.B. Hanley, 230,
FAPAS: An Independent Assessment of Laboratory Proficiency A.L. Patey, 234,
Subject Index, 239,

CHAPTER 1

SUITABILITY OF MICROBIAL ASSAYS FOR POTABLE WATER AND WASTEWATER APPLIED TO LAND

C. W. Keevil

School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK

1 INTRODUCTION

Emerging methods of sample preparation and pathogen detection have been developed in the food, clinical and veterinary industries, involving direct specific detection or post-enrichment culture screening with molecular, immunological and enzyme assay technologies. Some of these have also been used, with some success, by water companies involved in the supply of potable water and have been validated as ISO and CEN standards. Specific immunomagnetic separation technologies, avoiding selective enrichment, appear particularly promising and are already incorporated into several national standards for Cryptosporidium and Giardia detection in raw and treated waters. The human population continues to expand at an ever increasing rate, requiring greater intensification of animal rearing for food production, and there are inevitably greater demands on the environment to deal with the human and animal faecal wastes which are generated. Many instances of foodborne and waterborne disease outbreaks point to the transmission of new and reemerging pathogens in faecal wastes which are recycled to land for economic and environmental reasons. The challenge for analysts, therefore, is to adapt some of the methods described above, or develop new methods, to provide an evaluation of safe storage and treatment practices for pathogen removal before the wastes can be safely recycled to land. This problem has been exacerbated by the realisation that some pathogens may be sub-lethally damaged, but possibly still capable of causing disease, due to the storage and treatment processes and might be missed using conventional culture recovery techniques. The molecular techniques are presently more suited to pathogen detection, not viability, and research is now focusing on appropriate resuscitation techniques involving either presence/absence or the newer quantitative methodologies.

This paper will address some of the current legislation to ensure safe pathogen limits in wastes and the practicality of available or prototype methods for their detection in complex faecal matrices.

2 MICROBIAL ASSAYS FOR POTABLE WATER

The water industry has relied for many years on surrogate general indicators of faecal pollution to maintain a wholesome supply of potable water. Bile salt-tolerant, facultatively anaerobic bacteria isolated on MacConkey agar at 37°C, and capable of producing acid and gas from lactose at this temperature, were described as "coliform organisms". Semi-selective MacConkey medium (supplied commercially by Oxoid, Difco et al.) was devised to reduce the overgrowth when isolating faecal lactose-fermenting microorganisms; the medium incorporates sodium taurocholate (bile salts), to inhibit common environmental contaminants, and lactose is fermented to produce the neutral red coloration. Pale colonies of Salmonella or Shigella spp. are usually seen among red colonies of E. coli. Because coliform organisms can be of non-faecal origin, presumptive faecal coliforms were described as those capable of producing acid at 44°C, the majority subsequently being identified as Escherichia coli. Total coliform detection came to be relied upon because of the relative ease, speed and low cost of detection.

Alternative media include membrane lauryl sulphate broth and agar (MLSB; MLSA), violet red bile agar (VRBA), lauryl tryptose lactose agar (LTLA), desoxycholate agar and CLED agar. MLSA and desoxycholate agar (DCA) are able to differentiate E. coli from Klebsiella oxytoca in environmental water samples by virtue of E. coli' s ability to grow at 44°C as well as 37°C. MLSB is recommended by the PHLS/SCA for the isolation and enumeration of total coliforms and E. coli by membrane filtration. The recommended method for membrane filtration involves incubation of duplicate membranes on MLSB- soaked pads at 30°C for 4 h, followed by incubation of one at 37°C for 14 h (for presumptive coliforms) and the other at 44°C for 14 h (for presumptive E. coli). Minerals Modified Glutamate Medium (MMGM) is recommended for the isolation of coliforms from waters by multiple tube and is slightly superior to LTLA.4 MT7 agar (Difeo) was developed to isolate injured coliforms and is particularly suited to the recovery of chlorine treated samples.

Latterly, enzyme detection methods have been developed, based on the hydrolysis by β-galactosidase of chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates, such as 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal) and β-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-galactopyranoside, respectively. These methods offer a much quicker indication of the presence of "biologically active" coliforms. Furthermore, specificity to detect E. coli has been introduced by incorporation in various media of chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates of β-glucuronidase. These assays can be performed in liquid culture or aid in the differentiation and identification of bacterial colonies recovered on agar media. Incorporation of 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide (MUG) into any of these media may give some indication of the presence of E. coli due to β-glucuronidase activity producing blue-white fluorescent colonies when viewed under ultraviolet light at 366 nm. Incorporation of MUG at 50 or 100 mg l-1 for liquid or agar media, respectively, can be used to provide presumptive evidence for the presence of E. coli which should be confirmed by further biochemical or immunological tests. Sartory and Howard described an agar medium, membrane lactose glucuronide agar (mLGA), for the simultaneous detection of E. coli and coliforms by membrane filtration without the need for UV light observation. The 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-glucuronide chromophore in mLGA turned β-glucuronidase-producing colonies green (lac+ glue- colonies are yellow) and gave similar E. coli confirmation rates (92%) as isolation on MLSA. Pyruvate was also added to mLGA to substantially improve recovery of chlorine stressed coliforms. This method has now been successfully adapted to quantify the numbers of E. coli surviving in raw and treated sewage sludge 9; agar plates are incubated at 30°C for 4 [+ or -] 0.5 hours, followed by 44.0°C for 14 hours.

The use of bacterial indicators has demonstrated the effectiveness of physical and chemical treatment barriers at treatment works and in supply to prevent distribution of viable pathogens. There are several caveats, however. Are some chlorine-treated coliforms only sub-lethally damaged and, although viable, incapable of growth in the normal isolation media? As discussed, several chlorine-stress recovery agar media have been developed to help overcome this problem. Are there pathogens more tolerant of chlorine than the coliforms? Occasional waterborne outbreaks of infection caused by pathogens resistant to chlorine disinfectants, particularly Cryptosporidium parvum, have highlighted the need for more specific tests of pathogens in treated water. Because of the potentially low infectious dose of some of these emergent pathogens, the assay methods require a high precision to provide the confidence of being able to detect very low numbers in large volumes of treated water. This volume provides several important examples of the progress made in this area.

3 RECYCLING OF WASTES TO LAND

In 1992 approximately 470,000 dry tonnes of sewage sludge or biosolids were disposed of to soil in the UK. This amount has now doubled, due mainly to the ban on sea dumping of sewage which came into force in 1998 as a result of the EC Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (1991; incorporated into UK law 1994). Land application is recognised as the Best Practicable Environmental Option for using sewage sludge. Sewage sludge and agricultural wastes are recycled to soil with the aim of improving soil condition and fertility. However, sewage sludge may contain a range of microorganisms pathogenic to man, including bacteria (e.g. Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria and various strains of E. coli), virus particles (e.g. Polio and Hepatitis), protozoa (e.g. Cryptosporidium) and other intestinal parasites (e.g. Helminths) (Table 1).

Without suitable treatment, there is potential for pathogens present to wash into adjacent surface waters, contaminate crops (fresh produce is of particular concern), or spread directly to man or farm and domestic animals using the land. Application of human sewage sludge currently represents a small proportion of waste applied to agricultural land; by far the greatest amounts are contributed by a variety of animal wastes including compost, faecal slurries, poultry litter, etc. (Table 2). The availability of suitable detection methods to facilitate the understanding the survival of potential human and animal pathogens in these wastes, before and after application to land, is critical to delivering safe agricultural products to the market place.

EU Council Directive 86/278/EEC regulates sewage sludge applications to agricultural land throughout the EU. The Directive is implemented in the UK by statutory instrument The Sludge (Use in Agriculture) Regulations 1989 (SI 1989, No 1263, as amended SI 880 1990; HMSO), regarding the application of raw and treated sewage sludge to agricultural land. The regulations are supported by the DOE Code of Practice for Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge 1989 (revised 1996; DOE). These strictly limit how the sewage sludge is to be applied, under what conditions and to which crops, reducing as far as possible occasional contact with animals and man. The Code of Practice was developed in the 1970s from the data available at the time, and before the emergence of highly infectious pathogens such as E. coli 0157.

However, recent articles in the press have indicated the increasing public concern about the dangers associated with the routine dumping of blood, offal and raw sewage onto British farmland (see, for example, the "Fields of filth" article by Day). These articles paint an alarming picture of the perceived risks, largely because of concerns over newly emergent foodborne diseases believed to be caused by variant prion proteins, bacteria such as verocytotoxic E. coli, S. enteritidis and antibiotic-resistant S. typhimurium DT 104, and parasitic protozoa such as C. parvum. The problems these now cause have exacerbated the recurring problems of foodborne Campylobacter, Salmonella and Shigella spp. There are over 100,000 cases of gastro-enteritis reported in the UK each year, with some believing that the actual number infected is close to 1 million.

Pathogens such as toxin-producing Escherichia coli 0157 may indeed be occasionally present in sewage and this strain's very low infectious dose (possibly <10 cells) has heightened public health concern over its transmission and persistence in the environment. Work in strictly controlled laboratory conditions has shown that this pathogen is physiologically versatile (James and Keevil, 1999) and may survive for months in cattle faeces, manure, model soil systems (Figure 1) and river water, highlighting the potential to contaminate growing crops. Nevertheless, caution must be urged in interpretation of the data at this time as there has yet to be an investigation under field conditions of pathogen survival in a representative range of the different untreated and treated sewage or abattoir waste which may be applied to land. Preliminary work in the laboratory indicates that E. coli 0157 may be killed in sewage sludge during lime stabilisation (Maule and Keevil, unpublished data).

Similarly, C. parvum oocysts and C. jejuni may persist in aquatic environments for several months, attached to surfaces, and have been associated with foodborne outbreaks. Salmonellae cause a significant number of foodborne infections associated with fresh produce, including S. enteritidis PT4, and there is concern over the increasing disease incidence of the multiple drug resistant S. typhimurium DT104 which is found in cattle and poultry waste. L. monocytogenes is widely distributed in nature and work has shown it to be a versatile, robust pathogen capable of survival and growth at low temperatures whilst maintaining a virulent phenotype. It is undoubtedly food borne, however it cannot be truly described as a food poisoning organism since its symptoms are rarely associated with the gastrointestinal tract. Infection ranges from symptomless carriage to fatal septicaemia, meningitis or neonatal abortion. In addition to consumption of dairy products, other implicated foods include meat pates, coleslaw, poultry, fin fish and shellfish. Several large foodborne outbreaks occurred in North America in the 1980s which were notable for a case fatality rate of 30%.

In addition to domestic sources, effluents from agricultural and commercial enterprises (i.e. cattle markets, abattoirs etc.) can be responsible for releasing large numbers of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts into sewage. The first recorded outbreak of waterborne Cryptosporidiosis was associated with contamination of a well water supply with oocysts derived from sewage. Examination of stool specimens from 79 residents who consumed water from the well source indicated that gastrointestinal illness was 12 times greater than in the surrounding communities which consumed water from a different water source. Since then, numerous waterborne outbreaks of human Cryptosporidiosis have been reported. The potential for causing disease in large numbers of individuals was demonstrated in the Milwaukee outbreak which affected an estimated 403,000 individuals. Through the use of molecular techniques, four isolates from this outbreak have been found to infect only humans, indicating that human sewage might have been the source.

Approximately 6000 cases of Cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales are reported to the PHLS each year, and this is believed to be gross underestimate of actual cases. There are more cases of Giardiasis reported, but these are mainly sporadic and the source of infection untraceable. The environmental reservoir for the aetiological agent, Giardia intestinalis (lamblia), is unclear but it has been reported to be present in beavers (hence the name "Beaver fever") and farm animals, and spread in water. Although Giardia cysts are considered less robust than Cryptosporidium oocysts, one report has suggested that 10% of infective cysts can survive several weeks of incubation in swine manure slurry.25 This reinforces the need for proper treatment of organic wastes before disposable to agricultural land.

The term enteroviruses is a general description for viruses that infect and replicate in cells of the gastrointestinal tract. A prominent family of viruses within the large group of viruses that are found in the intestinal tract are the Picornaviridae. Within this family are several genera including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses (two groups, A and B), echoviruses and enteroviruses (a specific name and as opposed to the general description above). Enteroviruses infecting humans are found world-wide and humans are the only known natural hosts. Young children are the most susceptible to infection. Transmission is usually by the faeco-oral or by the respiratory route where there is an associated respiratory illness. The viruses may be excreted in the stool for many weeks. Poliovirus in sewage is decreasing due to vaccination and the increased use of disposable nappies diverting contaminated faeces to solid waste. Enteroviruses have been detected in water, soil, vegetables and shellfish and may possibly be transmitted in the community by contact with contaminated food or water. In practice, nearly all foodborne viral illness is either hepatitis A or viral gastro-enteritis due frequently to small round structured viruses (SRSV). Food borne transmission of other viruses causing gastro-enteritis, such as rotavirus, appears rare. Current detection methods still rely on the "gold standard" of electron microscopy, but newer methods involving cell culture (although this is not possible yet with SRSV) and/or PCR, RT-PCR and antibodies are being developed. Cell culture at least allows the detection and possible quantification of viable organisms.

(Continues...)

Excerpted from Rapid Detection Assays for Food and Water by S. Clark, K.C. Thompson, C.W. Keevil, M. Smith. Copyright © 2001 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Excerpted by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.
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PBShop.store US

Wood Dale, IL, U.S.A.

5-star seller

AbeBooks seller since April 7, 2005

Shipping rates within U.S.A.

Item	7 to 14 business days	7 to 14 business days
First item	£ 0.00	£ 0.00

Delivery times are set by sellers and vary by carrier and location. Orders passing through Customs may face delays and buyers are responsible for any associated duties or fees. Sellers may contact you regarding additional charges to cover any increased costs to ship your items.

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Store description

We first started out as “The Paperback Exchange,” a chain of physical bookstores where we would part exchange your beloved books for new stories to transport you to faraway places. However, as shopping started to evolve to online shops and marketplaces, we bid our stores goodbye to become “PBShop.” This transition has only allowed us to blossom as we now ship thousands of titles to book lovers across the globe. We pride ourselves in being a community of local book lovers which allows our passion and devotion to shine in everything we do. In 2020 we not only celebrated our 20th birthday but our 1st birthday as being completely employee owned after becoming an E.O.T in September 2019. We are proud to be different and embrace standing apart on a book mountain by working from a virtual inventory which allows us to provide thousands of books that may be difficult to get for your bookshelf or your studies. Working with a number of different suppliers allows us to explore other avenues such as puzzles, sheet music and even stationery so we really do have something for everyone. Life is about being versatile in all realms of existence. If this is your first visit or you are a returning customer, we would like to welcome you to the PBShop family, for there is no friend as loyal as a book. We are a company who put our customers at the centre of everything we do as we understand the importance of reading because once you learn to read, you will forever be free. There are a whole lot of things in this world of ours that we are yet to explore, which is why we will forever inspire curious minds.…

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Pbshop.co.uk Ltd

Unit 22 Horcott Industrial Estate, Horcott Road
Fairford, United Kingdom GL7 4BX

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We ask all customers to contact us for authorisation should they wish to return their order. Orders returned without authorisation may not be credited.
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Returns requested beyond this time will not be authorised.

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Our Customer Care Team can be contacted via emailing paperback-us@paperbackshop.co.uk, or by calling our UK Office on +441285 712 917. We are available 9:00am till 5:30pm GMT weekdays and 9:00am till 1:00pm GMT on Saturdays.

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Information regarding the right of withdrawal

Statutory right to withdraw

You have the right to withdraw from this contract within 14 days without giving any reason.

The withdrawal period will expire after 14 days from the day on which you acquire, or a third party other than the carrier and indicated by you acquires, physical possession of the last good or the last lot or piece.

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We will make the reimbursement using the same means of payment as you used for the initial transaction, unless you have expressly agreed otherwise; in any event, you will not incur any fees as a result of such reimbursement.

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You shall send back the goods or hand them over to PBShop.store US, Springfield Gardens, New York, U.S.A., +44 1285 712917, without undue delay and in any event not later than 14 days from the day on which you communicate your withdrawal from this contract to us. The deadline is met if you send back the goods before the period of 14 days has expired. You will have to bear the direct cost of returning the goods. You are only liable for any diminished value of the goods resulting from the handling other than what is necessary to establish the nature, characteristics and functioning of the goods.

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The right of withdrawal does not apply to:

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We are committed to protecting the privacy and security of personal data. This policy tells you how we will collect and use your personal data, and what you should expect in respect of the personal information about you that we have collected.

We are PBShop.co.uk Limited (registered in England & Wales with Company No: 9366362). Our registered office is at Swatton Barn, Badbury, Swindon, SN4 0EU, United Kingdom.

The person with responsibility for our data protection compliance is the Managing Director and they can be contacted via email at help@pbshop.store.

We are the data controller of the personal data that we keep and use, and we are therefore responsible for making sure that our systems, processes and people comply with the relevant data protection laws in respect of that personal data.

We will act in respect of personal data to comply with the six principles of the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which are:

Lawfulness, fairness and transparency;
Purpose limitation;
Data minimisation;
Accuracy;
Storage limitation;
Integrity and confidentiality.
You have rights in respect of how your personal data can be processed; these include the right to request:

a copy of your personal data;
that inaccurate data is rectified; and
that your personal data is, in certain circumstances, erased or restricted.
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COLLECTION, USE AND DISCLOSURE OF PERSONAL DATA
We collect and process data for the following reasons:

personal data collected and created in relation to our selling books and other items; and
personal data relating to our people (which means those people working for our company, or providing services to us, or potentially working or providing services to us, including employees, consultants, temporary or casual workers and contractors).
All of our people are required to abide by our Privacy Policy when handling personal data, and are provided with appropriate data protection training. Any breach of data protection will be taken seriously, and may result in disciplinary action.

Selling books and other items
COLLECTION:
We will collect personal information which may include names, addresses and other information for our customers. This will be done for the management of the commercial relationship with our customers.

We may collect this personal data from you directly, and also from third parties, including publicly available third party sources. Additional personal data will be collected as it is created by or supplied to us in the course of anything we do for you.

USE:
We will use the personal data in the course of making sales and to comply with requirements that we are required to undertake.

We will only use your personal data when the law allows us to. Most commonly, we will use your personal data in the following circumstances:

in performance of a contract (the agreement to sell books and other items); and/or
compliance with a legal obligation; and/or
vital interests of the data subject; and/or
where it is necessary for our legitimate interests (or those of a third party) and your interests and fundamental rights do not override those interests.
We may also use your personal data in the following situations, which are likely to be far less common:

where we need to protect your interests (or someone else’s interests);
where it is needed in the public interest or for official purposes.
DISCLOSURE:
We may share personal data with third parties as is necessary in the sale of books and other items, including to third party providers who deliver services to support the operation of our company.

In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.

RETENTION PERIOD:
We will keep personal data only for as long as is necessary to fulfil the purposes for which we collected it, including for the purposes of satisfying any legal, accounting or reporting requirements. Normally, our retention period for personal data collected for this purpose is a minimum of 6 years after the end of the period that we are selling books and other items.

Our people
COLLECTION:
We will collect names, addresses, contact details, education and employment history, identity and other background checks (which may include appropriate criminal and financial checks and confirmation of the right to work in the UK), marital status and information on next of kin and dependents, financial information (such as bank details and NI numbers), date of birth, gender, a copy of your passport and driving licence, performance information and compensation history, recruitment information (including references), salary, benefits, pension and annual leave information, disciplinary and grievance information, photographs, information about your use of our information and communications systems and CCTV footage or other information obtained through electronic means.

We may collect and use special categories of personal data as required in the carrying out of obligations and exercising specific rights of us or the data subject in the field of employment. This may include information relating to matters such as health, racial origin, religious belief and offences or alleged offences.

Personal data may be collected from you during the selection process (for example via your application form and CV) and during your employment (including holiday forms, expense claims, performance reviews, any disciplinary or grievance processes), or from third parties, including referees, health service providers, background check providers.

USE:
Personal data of our people will be used for HR administration and management, both in respect of the selection of people to work for us (including suitability, eligibility and/or fitness to work), and those who do work for us, to include learning and development, disciplinary and security (of people, offices and data) requirements, providing and liaising with benefits providers, business management and planning (including accounting and auditing), paying you and dealing with tax and NI deductions, assessing and deciding on salary reviews and compensation, conducting performance reviews and managing performance, dealing with legal disputes involving you or others, preventing fraud, monitoring your use of our information and communications systems, ensuring compliance with our policies, and equal opportunities monitoring.

We will only use your personal data when the law allows us to. Most commonly, we will use your personal data in the following circumstances:

In performance of a contract with you; and/or
compliance with a legal obligation; and/or
vital interests of the data subject; and/or
where it is necessary for our legitimate interests (or those of a third party) and your interests and fundamental rights do not override those interests.
We may also use your personal data in the following situations, which are likely to be less common:

where we need to protect your interests (or someone else’s interests);
where it is needed in the public interest or for official purposes.
In respect of all disclosures of personal data, we will only share the personal information which is necessary for the particular purpose for which it is provided, or where we have another legitimate interest in doing so, and we will ensure that the personal data is appropriately protected.

In respect of special categories of personal data, we may process this in the following circumstances:

in limited circumstances with your explicit written consent; and/or
where we need to carry out our legal obligations and in line with our policies; and/or
where it is needed in the public interest (such as for equal opportunities monitoring or in relation to our occupational pension scheme), and in line with our policies; and/or
where it is needed to assess your working capacity on health grounds, subject to appropriate confidentiality safeguards.
Less commonly, we may process this type of information where it is needed in relation to legal claims or where it is needed to protect your (or someone else’s) interests and you are not capable of giving your consent, or where you have already made the information public. We may also process such information about our people (or former people) in the course of our legitimate business activities with the appropriate safeguards.

The special categories of personal data may be used in the following ways:

in relation to leaves of absence, to comply with employment and other laws;
in relation to your physical or mental health, or disability status, to ensure your health and safety in the workplace and to assess your fitness to work, to monitor, manage and administer benefits and absences;
in relation to your race, national or ethnic origin, religious, philosophical or moral beliefs, or your sexual life or sexual orientation, to ensure meaningful equal opportunity monitoring and reporting.
DISCLOSURE:
Personal data may be transferred to service providers who support the operation of our business (such as payroll service providers), to other third parties reasonably necessary in the conduct of our business (including insurers, professional advisors, regulators). These third parties may be acting as processor, or controller of personal data in their own right.

RETENTION PERIOD:
We will keep personal data only for as long as is necessary to fulfil the purposes for which we collected it, including for the purposes of satisfying any legal, accounting or reporting requirements. We will normally keep personal data of applicants who we do not employ for six months after we receive it.

We will keep personal data of employees throughout your employment and normally for a minimum of six years after your employment ends.

Changes to your personal data
It is very important that the personal information that we hold about you is accurate and current. Please tell us if your personal information changes during your relationship with us.

Data Security
We have put in place measures to prevent your personal data from being accidentally lost, used or accessed in an unauthorised way, altered or disclosed. In addition, we limit access to your personal data to those of our people and other third parties who have a business need to know. They will only process your personal data on our instructions and where they have agreed to treat the information confidentially and to keep it secure. We have put in place procedures to deal with any suspected data security breach and will notify you and the ICO of a suspected breach where we are legally required to do so.

Where we store your personal data
We principally store data, both electronically and on file, at our office.

Personal data may be transferred outside of the EEA by processors acting on our behalf. For transfers to countries not considered adequate by the EC, we will ensure that personal data is adequately protected, as required by the GDPR. This would include by use of the Standard Contractual Clauses adopted by the EC to protect personal data.

Your rights
Under certain circumstances, you have the right by law to request:

access to your personal data. This enables you to ask to receive a copy of the personal data that we hold about you and to check that we are lawfully processing it.
correction of the personal data that we hold about you.
erasure of your personal data.
object to processing of your personal data where we are relying on our legitimate interest and there is something about your particular situation which makes you want to object to processing on this ground. You also have the right to object where we are processing your personal information for direct marketing purposes.
restriction of processing of your personal data.
transfer of your personal data to another party.
Links from our website
Our website may, from time to time, contain links to and from the websites of third parties that we permit to make such links. If you follow a link to any of these websites, please note that these websites have their own privacy policies and that we do not accept any responsibility or liability for these policies. We recommend that you check these policies before you submit any personal data to these websites.

CHANGES TO THIS PRIVACY POLICY
Any changes we may make to our privacy policy in the future will be posted on our website, so please ensure that you are viewing the correct version.

Please contact us if you have any questions, comments or requests regarding this Privacy Policy.

Last amended May 2021.

Rapid Detection Assays for Food and Water

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