有很多原因使得哲學倫理學研究具有現實意義,其中最明顯的一個原因是倫理學知識自身發展的邏輯。從20世紀下半葉開始,在西歐的倫理學裡,以及稍晚些時候在俄羅斯倫理學裡,發生了向應用問題的轉向。不但如此,還形成了應用倫理學知識的分支體系(生物醫學倫理學、商業倫理學、生態倫理學、科學倫理學等),每個分支體系都有自己的方法,自己的內容和在實踐上突出的問題。應用倫理學變成了現代科學知識和社會實踐中有需求的,快速發展的領域。
在我看來,最尖銳地提出來並要求解決的問題如下:是否可以認為哲學倫理學是應用哲學,或者,它有非常大的理論意義,但其在應用倫理學中的規範綱領是古老的,如同舊自然哲學之於現代自然科學。道德絕對主義和個性自治的觀念是否還有自己的意義,或者每一次都要重新提供的倫理應用決策的具體性和技術性使得它們變成虛構和多餘的。如果倫理學成為應用科學,並以這個身份成為相應的具體知識領域的組成部分(生物醫學倫理學屬於醫學,科學倫理學屬於科學學,生態倫理學屬於生態學等),或者,除了哲學權限之外,至少還要求相應具體領域的專門知識,那麼,倫理學能否還保留其在哲學裡的位置,就是古希臘羅馬時期已經獲得確立的那個位置,即倫理學是哲學的不可分割三個方面之一。
回答這些問題的嘗試是最近十五年裡我的學術興趣的焦點,也是當代俄羅斯倫理學爭論中的一派觀點。在本書裡呈現的這派觀點可以非常簡單地概括如下。
哲學是在人類追求完善的背景下產生的,它把人類完善與理性活動聯繫在一起。作為理論,作為一種認識類型,哲學也是一定的生活方式。根據這種理解,倫理學不僅僅包含在哲學裡,而是其核心。相應地,道德進入哲學具體領域,首先和主要是作為理性的界限。在道德的實踐應用中,在道德規範要求的絕對性中,理性就會遇到這樣的界限。道德是活動範疇,它所固有的哲學上有依據的理想規劃和應當的規則將獲得一種實在性,這個實在性就是對個性自治的表達,是人的個體負責任的存在形式。從這個觀點看,道德禁忌將獲得頭等重要的意義,這些禁忌與以

肯定方式提出來的一般規範的區別是,不需經過中間環節和附帶的具體化,它們就可以直接地過渡到行為。是否遵循這些禁忌,完全由行為主體掌控。就道德提出的行為界限的絕對性而言,在人所不做的事情裡可以呈現出道德來。哲學倫理學在多大程度上與道德絕對主義觀念相關,那麼,它就在多大程度上主要表現在否定倫理學的形式裡。
最後,我的書將以中文出版,我想表達一種特殊的激動心情,因為差不多有十五億人在講這種語言。為了這個難得的和幸福的機會,我要感謝本書的編者和譯者張百春教授。

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