All spiritual traditions mandate harmlessness, yet the twentieth century was the most violent period in human history. How is this possible? Positive Harmlessness in Practice documents that we have no collective experience of harmlessness because our habits of harm are so pervasive. To build our "harmlessness muscle", Dr. Riddle details a pragmatic three-step daily practice-a Butterfly Shift. Such mini-immersion experiences of harmlessness help us develop the skills and habits that make it possible for us to embed harmlessness as our core value. Positive Harmlessness invites us to embrace an ethic of harmlessness, individually and as a human family. Practical exercises and a Harmlessness Scale help us learn to model harmlessness in all that we think, say, and do.
Positive Harmlessness in Practice
ENOUGH FOR US ALL VOLUME TWOBy Dorothy I. RiddleAuthorHouse
Copyright © 2010 Dorothy I. Riddle
All right reserved.ISBN: 978-1-4520-3631-1Contents
Preface....................................................................i1 The Concept of Harm......................................................12 Positive Harmlessness as Our Core Value..................................233 Harmlessness and the Butterfly Shift.....................................474 Managing Our Focus.......................................................675 Noticing-Step One........................................................856 Leveraging Emotions......................................................917 Feeling-Step Two.........................................................1138 Reviewing Our Action Options.............................................1219 Acting-Step Three........................................................13710 Maturing Into Harmlessness..............................................14511 Our Maturational Opportunity............................................16912 Developing an Ethic of Harmlessness.....................................193A. Universal Declaration of Human Rights...................................225B. Ending Violence Against Women...........................................231C. Harmlessness Scale: Questions & Scoring.................................235Notes......................................................................245References.................................................................269Index......................................................................277List of Exercises..........................................................287
Chapter One
The Concept of Harm
If you can, help others; if you cannot do that, at least do not harm them. - Dalai Lama
All religious traditions share a commitment to harmlessness, however defined. So do professional codes of conduct, which include phrases like that attributed to the Hippocratic Oath: "First, do no harm."
Why do we tolerate harm? Why is there so much violence? It is clear that we cannot rely on spiritual beliefs to prevent it. Part of the answer lies in our distorted view of who we are and how our universe operates, which encourages us to focus on self-interest and to live from a fear-based myth of scarcity.
The first volume in this Enough for Us All series, titled Principles of Abundance for the Cosmic Citizen, explored the meaning of "enough," the benefits and responsibilities of being a cosmic citizen, and seven principles by which our cosmos operates (which are listed in the Preface of this volume). We will review those principles in the next chapter as they relate to harmlessness. In exploring the concept of harm, the principles that concern us most are that we are indeed all part of the same cosmic energy field (the Principle of Interconnectivity) and that we have evolved primarily through cooperation and networking (the Principle of Cooperation).
We have been shaped over the past 300 years by the mechanistic, deterministic worldview that emerged from Newtonian physics as well as by a belief that our evolutionary history was grounded in violence and competition ("survival of the fittest"). The findings of quantum physics reveal quite a different picture and one that can help us shed our mistaken identities as violent beings. But first, if we are to shift from harmfulness to harmlessness, we need to understand harm and why we indulge in it.
The Root Causes of Harmfulness
Why do people choose to behave in a harmful or violent manner? We may act harmfully out of fear, particularly a fear of scarcity or of loss. If we see life as a win-lose competition for scarce resources, then it is easy to justify any action that will make us the winner. This is an "I'll get them before they get me" mentality.
Or we may act harmfully out of an ignorance of alternatives. If all that is modeled for us is the option of violence, then it would come as no surprise that we choose violence. Our violence may be a matter of unconscious habits or "the way it's always been done"-as in hazing, corporal punishment, or forced sex. We may not have developed a moral compass of our own.
Or we may act harmfully because of our own sense of entitlement to have what we want when we want it. In this scenario, anyone who interferes is expendable. We explored this entitlement dynamic in some detail in Principles of Abundance for the Cosmic Citizen. In essence, here we choose to make ourselves feel good at the expense of others.
Or there is the issue of choice and control. Causing harm is a control strategy, not an out-of-control occurrence. Some people make choices to dissipate tension and frustration through violence rather than accepting responsibility to work through the discomfort without harming those around them.
Exercise: Motivation Regarding Harm Reflect back on the past week and identify the following: 1. I had an opportunity to speak negatively about someone, and I consciously refrained because: 2. I had an opportunity to act aggressively towards someone, and I willfully refrained because: 3. I could feel myself becoming judgmental about another person, and I purposely shifted to compassion because: How did you feel as a result of the types of actions described above?
The motivation of choice raises the matter of intention. Part of the definition of harm refers to hurt that is deliberately inflicted. Intention is tricky because we can have good intentions and yet harm others without realizing what the consequences of our actions will be.
Finally and most fundamentally, we may do harm to others in denial of our actual interconnected reality, substituting instead an "us-them" mentality that includes objectifying the other person or group. When we remember that the "other" is in a very real sense a part of ourselves-the Principle of Interconnectivity-then it is not so easy to humiliate or degrade or physically hurt them.
The Pervasiveness of Harm
Surrounded as we are by messages about the importance of harmlessness, one would think that harming another person would seldom occur. Unfortunately, we know better. Harmfulness is ubiquitous. We kill millions in wars over religious differences and territorial greed, leaving millions more scarred for life. Murders, assaults, sexual and domestic violence, and other examples of violence between humans are rampant, to say nothing of the mistreatment of animals, species extinction due to human initiatives, or damage to the environment. And, though caused unintentionally, harmful illnesses stemming from misdiagnosis or inappropriate treatment are the third leading cause of death in the United States, after heart disease and cancer. The list seems endless.
Rather than improving, our rate of violence appears to be escalating. In fact, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared that "the 20th century was one of the most violent periods in human history. An estimated 191 million people lost their lives directly or indirectly as a result of conflict, over half of whom were civilians."
Our callousness seems to be intensifying as the amount of violence in the media, music and music videos, and video games increases exponentially. Violence generates an adrenalin rush that can fill us with excitement. How to generate a similar sense of excitement without the accompanying violence is not clear.
Recent concern regarding violence has centered around not only its quantity but also the increasing proportion of gratuitous violence-that is, violence that does not contribute to understanding a plot or to advancing a storyline. This gratuitous violence includes a rising percentage of violence depicted without moral consequences or posed as the normal solution to interpersonal difficulties, as well as the persistent linking of violence with sexual and graphic sadist imagery.
Over the years there has been debate about whether watching or listening to violence has an effect on our behavior. The evidence now appears conclusive that indeed there are negative consequences. Research indicates that viewing or listening to or acting out violence reinforces a belief that violence is the best way to resolve conflicting interests. It also creates an image of the world as a dangerous place where one must be on guard.
Exercise: Violence in Media Think back over the past 24 hours. Did you "absorb" any violent messages from newscasts, newspapers, magazines, movies, music, books, etc? If "no," did you "neutralize" incoming messages or did you avoid them altogether? If "yes," was the impact offset by messages about the inappropriateness of violence or your own internal dialogue about the need to end violence? What would you do differently if you committed to zero tolerance for violence?
In fact, the American Academy of Pediatrics issued the following policy statement in October 2009: "Exposure to violence in media, including television, movies, music, and video games, represents a significant risk to the health of children and adolescents. Extensive research evidence indicates that media violence can contribute to aggressive behavior, desensitization to violence, nightmares, and fear of being harmed."
In 2002, WHO released the World Report on Violence and Health, which covered a range of individual and collective violence (such as war), including child abuse and maltreatment, elder abuse, intimate partner violence, self-directed violence, sexual violence, and youth violence. Violence and related injuries account for over five million deaths annually, making it the third leading cause of death worldwide after heart disease and stroke. Declaring violence as a leading worldwide public health problem, WHO launched a Global Campaign for Violence Prevention in 2003, which is still ongoing.
In 2006, the United Nations (UN) issued a 140-page report, "In-Depth Study of All Forms of Violence Against Women," in which, for the first time, violence against women and girls was confirmed to be a human rights violation. The UN Secretary-General has identified violence against women and girls, in particular, as the most widespread human rights violation in the world and has launched the UNiTE campaign to end violence against women.
International Understanding of Harm
Before we examine what harmfulness in general means in our everyday lives, let's take a few moments to trace our collective definition of what constitutes harm. We have already seen that two of our major intergovernmental organizations-the World Health Organization and the United Nations-are engaged with this issue.
As we have gradually come to realize that we are all interconnected, we have been shifting what we define as acceptable human behavior. Less than 200 years ago, for example, slavery was accepted as an economic necessity; today it is considered reprehensible (though it still occurs). The children of those with fewer economic resources used to be unschooled and expected to earn a living from an early age. Now the second UN Millennium Development Goal is universal primary education, and child labor laws are in effect in many countries. Religious wars and the accompanying intolerance of differences used to be common, while now we have a growing global concern with inclusiveness and understanding as reflected in movements like the United Religions Initiative. Many other examples of the growing recognition of "unity in diversity" can be found at www.servicegrowth.net by clicking on Spirituality in Practice / Global Initiatives.
Our commitment to a shared understanding of "harm," though, is relatively new, especially one that is applied equally to all persons. That understanding has expanded from a focus on only physical hurt to include "mental, moral, or spiritual injury." In earlier times of dictatorial monarchies, there were widely-accepted differences in the standards of justice applied by social class. It is really only since World War II, with the formation of the United Nations and the launching of the Nuremberg Trials, that we have begun to formulate a collective sense of harm and human rights, culminating in the concept of crimes against humanity.
We may accept that harming others harms ourselves (based on the Principle of Interconnectivity), but what exactly do we consider collectively harmful? The concept of crimes against humanity began with an official outcry against the Armenian genocide, issued on May 24, 1915. This joint statement by Britain, France, and Russia was the first such charge against another government: "In view of these new crimes of Turkey against humanity and civilization, the Allied Governments announce publicly to the Sublime Porte that they will hold personally responsible for these crimes all members of the Ottoman Government, as well as those of their agents who are implicated in such massacres."
Exercise: Addressing Harm Think back over the last week and identify examples of each type of harm that you have inflicted, experienced, or witnessed: 1. Physical 2. Mental 3. Emotional If you were the perpetrator, why? How could you have kept the harm from happening? If you were the recipient, how could you have protected yourself and helped to keep it from happening again? If you were the witness, did you intervene? Why and how, or why not?
Thirty years later, we faced the inhumane torture and eradication of millions of people during the Holocaust and wondered how it could have occurred. The Nuremberg Trials, which started in 1945 to address the atrocities of the Third Reich and its collaborators, was the first international criminal tribunal ever to be convened. To hold such a tribunal, there first had to be an agreement on what was considered to be illegal, or harmful, behavior. And so the Nuremberg Principles, listed below, were born.
The Nuremberg Principles I Any person who commits an act that constitutes a crime under international law is responsible therefore and liable to punishment. II The fact that internal law does not impose a penalty for an act that constitutes a crime under international law does not relieve the person who committed the act from responsibility under international law. III The fact that a person who committed an act that constitutes a crime under international law acted as Head of State or responsible government official does not relieve that person from responsibility under international law. IV The fact that a person acted pursuant to order of Government or of a superior does not relieve the person from responsibility under international law, provided a moral choice was in fact possible. V Any person charged with a crime under international law has the right to a fair trial on the facts and law. VI The crimes hereinafter set out are punishable as crimes under international law: (a) Crimes against peace: (i) Planning, preparation, initiation, or waging of a war of aggression or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements, or assurances; (ii) Participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the acts mentioned under (i). (b) War crimes: Violations of the laws or customs of war that include, but are not limited to, murder, ill-treatment or deportation of slave labor or for any other purpose of the civilian population of or in occupied territory; murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war or persons on the Seas, killing of hostages, plunder of public or private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns, or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity. (c) Crimes against humanity: Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts done against any civilian population, or persecutions on political, racial, or religious grounds, when such acts are done or such persecutions are carried on in execution of or in connection with any crime against peace or any war crime. VII Complicity in the commission of a crime against peace, a war crime, or a crime against humanity as set forth in Principle VI is a crime under international law.
These Nuremberg Principles set out for the first time in human history the types of crimes that are punishable under international law: crimes against peace, war crimes (in essence violations of the Geneva Conventions regarding the treatment of prisoners of war), and crimes against humanity. They also described the conditions under which an individual could be held accountable by being placed on trial for violations of international law. These included acting under the direction of a superior and even if there were no national law forbidding the action.
The Nuremberg Principles were followed by the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, which provides the moral framework regarding the "basic standards without which people cannot survive and develop in dignity," and in turn underpins international humanitarian law. The Preamble to the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that "recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world"; and Article 3 asserts that "everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person." The UN has further established a number of Conventions that enforce this Universal Declaration of Human Rights, starting with one on preventing genocide in 1951.
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Excerpted from Positive Harmlessness in Practiceby Dorothy I. Riddle Copyright © 2010 by Dorothy I. Riddle. Excerpted by permission.
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