To the Peoples now at War and to their RULERS
Pope Benedict XV
Sold by Meir Turner, New York, NY, U.S.A.
AbeBooks Seller since 27 December 2001
Used - Soft cover
Condition: Used - Very good
Ships within U.S.A.
Quantity: 1 available
Add to basketSold by Meir Turner, New York, NY, U.S.A.
AbeBooks Seller since 27 December 2001
Condition: Used - Very good
Quantity: 1 available
Add to basketOn Aug. 20, 1914, with World War I less than a month old, Pope Pius X died, and on Sept. 3, 1914, Giacomo della Chiesa, who was born in Genoa in 1854 and had served as Archbishop of Bolognia, Italy, and then as cardinal for only for 4 months, was elected as Benedict XV. He possessed the diplomatic experience that the conclave had wanted and he spent the first 4 years of his papacy trying, unsuccessfully, to stop WW1. As archbishop, della Chiesa spoke of the church's need for neutrality and to promote peace and ease suffering, but his role as a peacemaker and conciliator came up against several obstacles that predated the war: The conflict between Italian state and church, which had existed since 1870, was unresolved; Coolness between the Vatican and Russia stemming from tensions with the Orthodox church, the unification of Germany in 1870 which made it a dominant Protestant power in Europe, at the cost of Catholic Austria and thus lessening the Holy See's influence. On Dec. 7, 1914, Benedict pleaded with the belligerent powers to hold a Christmas truce, asking "that the guns may fall silent at least upon the night the angels sang," to allow for negotiations for an honorable peace. The plea was officially ignored, but there were informal, haphazard and unauthorized truces along parts of the Western front. Since there were many Catholics, sometimes a majority, among the belligerent countries, he tried to avoid alienating any of them. This was not easy because, for example, the Italian hierarchy supported the war and caused Catholic Italians to rally to the flag. He opened a Vatican office to reunite prisoners of war with their families, and he tried to persuade neutral Switzerland to take in any combatants who were suffering from tuberculosis. While the Vatican's bank balance was not healthy, he spent 82 million lire on relief work. In July 1915, Benedict published the apostolic exhortation "To the Peoples Now at War and to Their Rulers." All sides should forgo claims of compensation (which were to prove so disastrous a part of the Versailles Treaty later), Benedict said. But as most of the damage, in places like Belgium and France, had been caused by Germany, the Allies saw this idea as effectively favoring their principle enemy. Only Britain did not oppose the note outright and was willing to explore the possibilities. Germany's initial interest was lost when the collapse of Russia made Allied victory more likely. French President Georges Clemenceau saw the proposals as evidence that the Vatican was anti-French. (The clergy even spoke of "Papa Boche.") American President Woodrow Wilson declared that peace was impossible, and saw the proposals as no more than a return to prewar arrangements without tackling the situation that had led to war. However, in January 1918, he enshrined many of Benedict's ideas in his "Fourteen Points" for shaping the postwar peace. When peace came Benedict was one of the first to recognize the flaws of the peace. He thought the Versailles Treaty to be "vengeful." Benedict has been called "the pope of peace.".
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