This book presents challenges and innovations in social problems over the centuries. By their nature, human beings are innovative and continuously adapted to appeared changes over the time. From this point of view, human history can be considered as the story of all changes and innovations which have drastically influenced our way of life. Changes and innovations are normal things in the way of adaptation and are necessary conditions for survival along the time. Changes and innovations are hard and long-term processes. Any progress in history is the result of changes and innovations. To innovate, changes are required: in the culture, in the education, in the way of working, in the way of think, etc. In the same time, innovations imply changes, and changes usually generate reactions. Innovations are always oriented to the future and, in turn, imply changes. From here, the race of evolution was born. Changes require effort, generate resistance but, in the same time, increase performance in almost all domains, and increase vision and leadership; therefore, the progress is obtained. To grew up as a field and provide changes, innovations need to present its theoretical foundations which make sense of the domains on which they are applied. To emphasize the above aspects, the proposed book presents some aspects regarding, but not only limited, to: computer science (new theoretical and practical applications); mathematics (mathematical models, all mathematical results which can improve or are inspired from another known results, some aspects regarding history of mathematics, etc.); education, etc. The chapters of the book present the state of arts of the chosen subjects, from its beginning, its developments, and its applications, by emphasizing the connection with the application or model that the authors have chosen for the presentation.
Šárka Hošková-Mayerová is a professor in the Department of Mathematics and Physics at the University of Defence in Brno, Czech Republic. She is the co-author of the monograph Quality of Spatial Data in Command and Control System and the co-editor of nine books published in Springer Publishing house. She is the author or the co-author of several chapters of books and papers in valuable journals. She is the chief editor of the journal Ratio Mathematica and an associate editor of the Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems published by IOS Press. Moreover, she is a member of editorial board of various journals, e.g., Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics and Advances in Military Technology. Her areas of interest are mathematical modeling and decision-making process, algebraic hyperstructures, and fuzzy structures.
Cristina Flaut is a professor in the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science at the Ovidius University of Constanţa, România. She is the author and the co-author of more than 60 monographs, chapters of books, and papers in important journals. She is the editor-in-chief of the journal Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii Ovidius Constanţa-Seria Matematica, an ISI journal. In 2016, she was considered the best researcher of the Ovidius University of Constanţa. Her areas of interest are: algebra (nonassociative algebras, logical algebras), coding theory, and cryptography.
Daniel Flaut is a professor in the Faculty of History and Political Science at Ovidius University of Constanţa, România. He is the author and the co-author of more than 50 books, chapters of books, and papers in important journals. He is the editor-in-chief of
the journal Revista Română de Studii Eurasiatice, indexed in various databases. He is also a member of the editorial board of various journals. He is the director of the Eurasian Studies Center of Faculty of History and Political Science of OvidiusUniversity of Constanţa, România. As the co-author of the book Arheologie medievală română, he received in 2006 the “George Potra” Prize, awarded by the Cultural Foundation “Magazin Istoric”, România. His areas of interest are: medieval history, auxiliary sciences of history, and history of international relations.
Dr. Pavlína Račková is a lecturer in the Department of Mathematics and Physics at the University of Defence, Brno, Czech Republic. She is the author of more than 30 chapters of books and journal papers and she is also the co-author of several study texts. At the department, she acts as a menor for beginning teachers. Throughout his career, she devotes a lot of effort to working with students, applies an individual approach, and helps them adapt to the university way of studying. Her areas of interest are: teaching of mathematics, educational management, pedagogy, and numerical methods.
