India, as the world's largest functional democracy and one of the fastest-growing economies, occupies a significant geopolitical position in global politics. With an unsettled border and cross border terrorism, India faces a broad spectrum of national security challenges. These challenges arise from both traditional and non-traditional threats and demand a comprehensive, multidimensional response to safeguard its sovereignty and territorial integrity.
One of the most persistent traditional threats to India stems from its external environment. The country shares borders with several nations, including China and Pakistan, both nuclear weapon powers with which India has had long-standing territorial disputes. The annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China in 1950 had endangered India's national security by eliminating a buffer zone, as India had no border with China except through Tibet. Chinese policy of expansionism and the practice of terrorism as an instrument of state policy by Pakistan and the nexus between the two had largely impacted on India's national security.
Internally, India grapples with insurgencies in certain regions. The Left Wing Extremism in central India, although weakened in recent years, still poses a challenge to internal security. In the northeastern states, the identity-based movements occasionally flare into violence, despite years of peace-building and economic development efforts.
Non-traditional threats have also emerged as serious concerns. Cyber security has gained prominence due to India's increasing reliance on digital infrastructure, making it vulnerable to cyber-attacks from hostile state and non-state actors. Climate change, pandemics, and environmental degradation are factors that impact food, water, and health security. These issues, though less visible than military threats, have long-term implications for national stability.
India has adopted a multipronged approach to address these threats. Militarily, India continues to modernize its defence forces, enhance border infrastructure, and strengthen strategic alliances with like-minded nations. On the internal front, the government has intensified intelligence operations, reformed counter-insurgency strategies, and invested in development initiatives to address the root causes of unrest.
Dr. Suresh Rangarajan is Professor & Chairman, Department of International Relations and Politics, and Dean, School of Global Studies, Central University of Kerala, University P O, Kasaragod, Kerala, India. Currently he is the Director, Centre for Defence and Security Studies, Central University of Kerala. He served as Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Kerala from 2013 - 2022, and was Chairman, Department of Political Science, University of Kerala 2020- 2022. He had published seven books; Foreign Policy and Human Rights: An Indian Perspective (2009), Peace in the Indian Ocean: A South Asian Perspective (2011), Right to Information and Good Governance (2013), Maritime Security of India: The Coastal Security Challenges and Policy Options (2014), The Changing Dimensions of Security and Indian's Security Policy Options (2015), India's National Security: A Maritime Security Perspective (2020), Arthashastra of Kautilya: Relevance in the 21st Century (2021) and contributed chapters to many books. He had also published 81 research articles in reputed National and International Journals. He had completed three UGC Major Research Projects including the latest one on 'Maritime Security of India: The Coastal Security Challenges and Policy Options' and the project received the Best Project Award of the University of Kerala in 2019. He has been selected as Associate in the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla and had completed a project on 'The Tibetan Issue and India - China Border Problem: A Security Perspective'.
