Human Rights and Statistics

Effective human rights advocacy and research require the use of statistics, carefully collected and objectively analyzed and presented, using the best techniques available. Statistics that lack credibility are of little value. Those that can be defended against critics can be effective in throwing the light on violations and promoting the observance of human rights for all.
The contributors to this book, including experts in political science, public health, law, forensic pathology, and statistics, illustrate good statistical practice in the field of human rights and show the importance of collaboration between statisticians and other professionals. The treatment is largely nonmathematical, and the examples provide broad coverage of all features of the collection and use of statistical data on human rights violations. For readers who would like to do their own analyses, an extensive guide to human rights data sources is included.
This book is the first to describe and summarize important issues associated with the collection and uses of human rights statistics.

Preface
Thomas B. Jabine Richard P. Claude

In February 1977 Carlos Noriega, a former director of the Argentine Statistical Office, was abducted in the presence of his wife and three small children while vacationing in Mar del Plata. 1 Word of Noriega's disappearance reached U.S. statisticians, including Fred C. Leone, the executive director of the American Statistical Association (ASA), who had been beneficiaries of Noriega's official and personal hospitality during a visit to Argentina in May 1976. Largely because of Leone's efforts, in 1978 the American Statistical Association (ASA) established an Ad Hoc Committee on Scientific Freedom and Human Rights, following the lead of other professional and scientific societies that had begun to respond to widespread violations of the human rights of their professional colleagues throughout the world.

The ASA Committee (which soon became a permanent committee), with important help and counsel from staff of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), began to monitor the cases of Noriega and other statisticians who had been victims of human rights abuses and to make formal appeals on their behalf. These appeals did not benefit Carlos Noriega, whose fate is still unknown, but the committee believes they were effective in bringing about better treatment of some other victims. Progress in some areas of the world is accompanied by new outbreaks of repression in other areas, and the ASA Committee continues its casework.

Working on behalf of one's professional colleagues is imperative but is not enough to ensure significant progress toward worldwide realization of the rights set out in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Members of the ASA Committee and others began to ask themselves how statisticians, using the tools of their profession, could work with others to promote the assurance of human rights for all. Prominent among the ASA members who raised this question was Professor I. Richard Savage who, in his 1984 Presidential Address to the association, challenged statisticians to explore the application of statistics to human rights issues.

This book is meant to provide some answers to the question of how statistical methods and the statistical profession can contribute to the advancement of human rights for all. Our intended audience is not restricted to statisticians: We hope that this collection of papers will prove to be useful and provocative to anyone interested in human rights -government officials, scientists, members of human rights advocacy groups and others -whether they are presently active in the field or merely curious to know more about it. In consideration of this hoped-for audience, the inclusion of statistical formulas has been held to a minimum, and the authors have been urged to focus on goals and results, rather than on any advanced statistical techniques that they may have used.

Lest there be any misunderstanding, we need to point out that "statistics," as used in the title of this book, is meant to cover all aspects of the production and use of statistics. Margaret E. Martin, in her 1981 Presidential Address to the ASA, made an important distinction between statistics as a product and statistical methods:In one sense, producing statistics as an end product is a narrower concept than applying statistical methodology across a whole range of problems... .In another sense it is broader. It encompasses not only statistical methodology as a tool, but the whole gamut of activities that must be performed in producing statistics for the use of others—planning, collecting, analyzing, and disseminating data. The practice of many of these functions is not based primarily on statistical science or methodology, but is an art based on a mixture of intuition, experience, and judgment, as well as scientific evidence or procedures—in other words, the practice of a profession as well as the application of a scientific discipline.The relevance of statistics to human rights may also be clearer if we think of the origin of the term. The root traces back to the Latin word for state, and in German the word statistik referred to the study of political facts and figures.

The enjoyment of full human rights for all may seem to many to be an overambitious, unattainable ideal. We prefer to think of it in the spirit of Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream"—clearly a distant goal, but one that can help us to identify present problems and to know where to expend our efforts. For this purpose, it is not enough just to know that individual human rights violations occur. We need to know which rights are being violated, how frequently, and who the victims and violators are. To evaluate efforts to advance human rights, we need to know how patterns of violations change over time. An important function of such statistical information on human rights is to let the world community know what the problems are, so that deliberate abusers of human rights can be held responsible. This is what we mean by "getting the record straight. "Effective use of statistics in all fields, but especially in the area of human rights, requires the careful, objective application of sound techniques and procedures to collect, analyze, and present statistical information. No matter how strongly we may feel about human rights violations, in the long run it will not help to present data that lack credibility. The chapters in this volume have been selected as illustrations of good statistical practice in the field of human rights: this was a much more important consideration than the recency of the data presented. However, for readers who may be interested in locating the latest available data on various aspects of human rights, the final chapter in the volume, "A Guide to Human Rights Data Sources," includes a listing of 29 important data bases, with emphasis on those that provide international comparative data. Progress in human rights requires that people with a variety of skills and knowledge work together toward common goals. The two editors of this work represent the fields of statistics and political science. Each has learned much from the other. We hope that the individual chapters and the overall result will illustrate the benefits of cooperation between disciplines.