The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology uses a chronological approach to demonstrate how the use of alternative methods has evolved from their conception as adjuncts to traditional animal toxicity tests to replacements for them. This volume in the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series explores the history of alternative test development, validation, and use, with an emphasis on humanity and good science, in line with the Three Rs (Replacement,Reduction, Refinement) concept expounded by William Russell and Rex Burch in 1959 in their now classic volume, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique.

The book describes the historical development of technologies that have influenced the application of alternatives in toxicology and safety testing. These range from single cell monocultures to sophisticated, miniaturised and microfluidic organism-on-a-chip devices, and also include molecular modelling, chemoinformatics and QSAR analysis, and the use of stem cells, tissue engineering and hollow fibre bioreactors. This has been facilitated by the wider availability of human tissues, advances in tissue culture, analytical and diagnostic methods, increases in computational processing, capabilities, and a greater understanding of cell biology and molecular mechanisms of toxicity.

These technological developments have enhanced the range and information content of the toxicity endpoints detected, and therefore the relevance of test systems and data interpretation, while new techniques for non-invasive diagnostic imaging and high resolution detection methods have permitted an increased role for human studies. Several key examples of how these technologies are being harnessed to meet 21st century safety assessment challenges are provided, including their deployment in integrated testing schemes in conjunction with kinetic modelling, and in specialized areas, such as inhalation toxicity studies.

The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology uses a chronological approach to demonstrate how the use of alternative methods has evolved from their conception as adjuncts to traditional animal toxicity tests to replacements for them. This volume in the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series explores the history of alternative test development, validation, and use, with an emphasis on humanity and good science, in line with the Three Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) concept expounded by William Russell and Rex Burch in 1959 in their now-classic volume, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique.

The book describes the historical development of technologies that have influenced the application of alternatives in toxicology and safety testing. These range from single cell monocultures to sophisticated miniaturised and microfluidic organism-on-a-chip devices, and also include molecular modelling, chemoinformatics and QSAR analysis, and the use of stem cells, tissue engineering and hollow fibre bioreactors. This has been facilitated by the wider availability of human tissues, advances in tissue culture, analytical and diagnostic methods, increases in computational processing capabilities, and a greater understanding of cell biology and molecular mechanisms of toxicity.

Covers each global region in a systematic fashion, showing how regions compare in terms of problems faced and resolution approaches
Includes a thorough chronology of alternatives research, thus providing a complete overview
Focuses on methods of direct relevance to humans to address issues of efficacy and waste

About the Authors

Michael Balls graduated in Zoology at Oxford University in 1960, and after post-graduate studies in Geneva, Switzerland, and post-doctoral research in Berkeley, California, and Portland, Oregon, in the USA, returned to Britain in 1966, as a lecturer in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of East Anglia. In 1975, he moved to the University of Nottingham Medical School as a senior lecturer in the Department of Human Morphology, and subsequently became Professor of Medical Cell Biology. In 1995, he was made an Emeritus Professor of the University. Professor Balls became a Trustee of FRAME (Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments) in 1979, was Chairman of the Trustees from 1981 to 2013, and has been Editor-in-Chief of FRAME’s journal, ATLA (Alternatives to Laboratory Animals), since 1983. In 1993, Professor Balls became the first Head of the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), established as part of the European Commission's Joint Research Centre, located at Ispra, near Lake Maggiore, in Italy. He retired from the Commission in June 2002.

After leaving the University of London (Queen Mary College; 1964-1970) with a PhD in Genetics, Robert Combes has held posts in academia, industry, and the charitable sector, including Reader in Toxicology at Portsmouth Polytechnic, Head of Mutagenicity and Cellular Toxicology at Inveresk Research International, Scotland, and Scientific Director, then Director, of FRAME (Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments), based in Nottingham (1994-2008). He has research interests in genetic toxicology, in vitro toxicology, xenobiotic biotransformation, in silico prediction systems and the Three Rs (Reduction, Refinement and Replacement) approach to animal experimentation. Dr Combes has published numerous papers, book chapters and conference proceedings, given presentations at many conferences and workshops, and served on many committees, including the ECVAM Scientific Advisory Committee (ESAC). He was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Biology (now the Royal Biological Society) in 1987, was Secretary of the United Kingdom Environmental Mutagen Society (UKEMS), and was Secretary, then President, of the European Society of Toxicology In Vitro (ESTIV), later to be elected an Honorary Member (2010), and has served on the editorial boards of several journals, including: ATLA Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, Toxicology in Vitro and Mutation Research. Dr Combes has acted as a co-editor for five scientific texts.

Andrew Worth is a senior scientific officer at the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC), where he leads the Predictive Toxicology Group within the Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods Unit. The unit incorporates the EU Reference Laboratory for Alternative to Animal testing (EURL ECVAM), and is part of the JRC’s Directorate for Health, Consumers and Reference Materials. The JRC provides independent scientific and technical support to the European Commission and other policy makers in the EU. Dr Worth has degrees in Physiological Sciences and in Linguistics from Oxford University, and a PhD in Computational Toxicology from Liverpool John Moores University. He has over 180 publications in the area of predictive toxicology, and has a particular interest in the development and assessment of computational methods and their application in the regulatory assessment of chemical safety. During 2012, he held an ORISE fellowship while working at the US Food and Drug Administration's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (FDA CFSAN). Dr Worth is a member of the editorial boards of ATLA (Alternatives to Laboratory Animals) and Computational Toxicology.

"About this title" may belong to another edition of this title.

Store Description

The Saint Bookstore has a range of over 1 million titles available.

Visit Seller's Storefront

Seller's business information

SB ONLINE LTD
50 Devonshire Road, Southport, PR9 7BZ, United Kingdom

Sale & Shipping Terms

Terms of Sale

Please order through the Abebooks checkout. We only take orders through Abebooks - We don't take direct orders by email or phone.

Refunds or Returns: A full refund of the purchase price will be given if returned within 30 days in undamaged condition.

As a seller on abebooks we adhere to the terms explained at http://www.abebooks.co.uk/docs/HelpCentral/buyerIndex.shtml - if you require further assistance please email us at orders@thesaintbookstore.co.uk

Right of cancellation

If you are a consumer you can cancel the contract in accordance with the following. Consumer means any natural person who is acting for purposes which are outside his trade, business, craft or profession.

INFORMATION REGARDING THE RIGHT OF CANCELLATION

Statutory Right to cancel

You have the right to cancel this contract within 14 days without giving any reason.

The cancellation period will expire after 14 days from the day on which you acquire, or a third party other than the carrier and indicated by you acquires, physical possession of the the last good or the last lot or piece.

To exercise the right to cancel, you must inform us, THE SAINT BOOKSTORE, 50 Devonshire Road, PR9 7BZ, Southport, United Kingdom, 44 17042241479, of your decision to cancel this contract by a clear statement (e.g. a letter sent by post, fax or e-mail). You may use the attached model cancellation form, but it is not obligatory. You can also electronically fill in and submit a clear statement on our website, under "My Purchases" in "My Account". If you use this option, we will communicate to you an acknowledgement of receipt of such a cancellation on a durable medium (e.g. by e-mail) without delay.

To meet the cancellation deadline, it is sufficient for you to send your communication concerning your exercise of the right to cancel before the cancellation period has expired.

Effects of cancellation

If you cancel this contract, we will reimburse to you all payments received from you, including the costs of delivery (except for the supplementary costs arising if you chose a type of delivery other than the least expensive type of standard delivery offered by us).

We may make a deduction from the reimbursement for loss in value of any goods supplied, if the loss is the result of unnecessary handling by you.

We will make the reimbursement without undue delay, and not later than 14 days after the day on which we are informed about your decision to cancel with contract.

We will make the reimbursement using the same means of payment as you used for the initial transaction, unless you have expressly agreed otherwise; in any event, you will not incur any fees as a result of such reimbursement.

We may withhold reimbursement until we have received the goods back or you have supplied evidence of having sent back the goods, whichever is the earliest.

You shall send back the goods or hand them over to us or THE SAINT BOOKSTORE, 50 Devonshire Road, PR9 7BZ, Southport, United Kingdom, 44 17042241479, without undue delay and in any event not later than 14 days from the day on which you communicate your cancellation from this contract to us. The deadline is met if you send back the goods before the period of 14 days has expired. You will have to bear the direct cost of returning the goods. You are only liable for any diminished value of the goods resulting from the handling other than what is necessary to establish the nature, characteristics and functioning of the goods.

Exceptions to the right of cancellation

The right of cancellation does not apply to:

the delivery of newspapers, journals or magazines with the exception of subscription contracts; and
the supply of digital content (including ebooks) which is not supplied on a tangible medium (e.g. on a CD or DVD) if you accepted when you placed your order that we could start to deliver it, and that you could not cancel it once delivery had started.

Model withdrawal form

(complete and return this form only if you wish to withdraw from the contract)

To: (THE SAINT BOOKSTORE, 50 Devonshire Road, PR9 7BZ, Southport, United Kingdom, 44 17042241479)

I/We (*) hereby give notice that I/We (*) withdraw from my/our (*) contract of sale of the following goods (*)/for the provision of the following goods (*)/for the provision of the following service (*),

Ordered on (*)/received on (*)

Name of consumer(s)

Address of consumer(s)

Signature of consumer(s) (only if this form is notified on paper)

Date

* Delete as appropriate.

Shipping Terms

Most orders usually ship within 1-3 business days, but some can take up to 7 days.

Shipping rates from United Kingdom to U.S.A.

Shipping rates from United Kingdom to U.S.A.
Order quantity	7 to 28 business days	7 to 28 business days
First item	� 22.19	� 24.19

Delivery times are set by sellers and vary by carrier and location. Orders passing through Customs may face delays and buyers are responsible for any associated duties or fees. Sellers may contact you regarding additional charges to cover any increased costs to ship your items.