Excerpt from Führer Durch die Ruinen von Ba'albek

Wir wissen äußerst wenig von den Schicksalen Ba'albeks im Altertum. Bedeutung hat es für uns nur durch seinen Götzendienst und durch die grandiosen, äußerst kunstreichen Bauten, die die römischen Kaiser für den heidnischen Kult errichtet haben. Die Stadt war gewiß einst von den ein heimischen Phoniziern gegründet worden. Aber an dieorientalische Periode ihrer Geschichte erinnert nur noch der moderne Name, falls er für phönizisch angesehen und als Ba' al der Beka', Herr des fruchtbaren Hochtales zwischen dem Libanon und dem Antilibanon, gedeutet werden darf. Es würde das eigentlich der volkstümliche Name des hier verehrten Gottes gewesen sein. Als dann Alexander d. Gr. Den Orient erobert hatte und Syrien unter die Herrschaft seiner Nachfolger gekommen war, siedelten sich auch Griechen in Ba'albek an; sie nannten es Heliopolis, Sonnenstadt, da sie den phonizischen Ba'al mit ihrem Sonnengotte Helios identifizierten. Priester des ägyptischen Heliopolis, wo man auch einen Sonnengott verehrte, nahmen daraus Veran lassung, den phönizischen Kult für eine bloße Filiale des ägyptischen zu erklären. Römische Kolonisten scheint Augustus in die Stadt gefuhrt zu haben. Sie behielten den griechischen Namen bei, und nun verbreitete sich von hier aus der Kult des einheimischen Ba'al über das ganze römische Reich. Da er einen höheren Rang hatte, als der griechisch römische Sonnengott, zog man es vor, ihn Jupiter von Helio polis zu nennen, und selbst ein Kaiser, Trajan, holte den Orakelspruch des Gottes ein. Man stellte ihn als einen jungen, bartlosen Mann in langem, panzerartigen Gewande dar, der zwei Stiere neben sich hatte und in der Rechten eine Peitsche schwang, in der linken Blitz und Ähren hielt (vergl. Das Titelbild des ba'albek-album von O. Puchstein und Th. V. Lüpke und S. 13 Abb. Zwei andere Gottheiten, Merkur und Venus, diese, wie die große babylonische Göttin, durch eine wenig ehrbare Form ihres Kultes berüchtigt, waren mit Jupiter in demselben Heiligtum vereinigt. Einen neuen, großen und prächtigen Tempel baute der Kaiser Antoninus Pius (138 - 161 n. Und indem seine Nach folger bis auf Caracalla (211 - 217 n. Chr.) die schon von ihm geplanten Höfe und Propyläen zur Ausführung brachten, wurde für Jupiter und die beiden anderen Götter ein Heilig tum von seltener Großartigkeit und Vollständigkeit ge schaffen. Auch dem Bacchus und der Fortuna errichtetendie romischen Kaiser Tempel, und es scheint, daß sie sogar die ganze Stadt mit ihren Mauern und öffentlichen Gebäuden von Grund aus neu gebaut haben. Die pompöse Ausführung und die teilweise sehr gute Erhaltung der Tempel gibt uns besser als irgend eine andere Stadt Syriens oder sonst der antiken Welt eine Vorstellung davon, was die römische Baukunst im 2. Und 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. Zu leisten ver mochte. Das große Heiligtum des Jupiter ist außerdem sehr gut dazu geeignet, uns die alttestamentlichen Berichte über die verschiedenen Teile des Tempels in Jerusalem an schaulich zu machen.

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F?hrer Durch die Ruinen von Ba''albek (Classic Reprint)

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