This research focuses on creating full-car models using bond graph-based approaches to study vehicle responses on uneven surfaces. Two models were developed: a standard suspension system and a more complex hinged arm suspension with active control elements.The results show that: •A suspension damping coefficient of ≥4 kNs/m is required for rural road vehicles to achieve speeds of ≤75 km/h. •As the damping coefficient increases, the sprung-mass displacement decreases. •A suspension damping coefficient of ≤8 kNs/m results in higher sprung-mass displacement, allowing for vehicle speeds above 50 km/h but not exceeding 75 km/h. These findings can inform the development of vehicles that can withstand the demands of rural roads while enhancing passenger comfort and vehicle durability. The results provide valuable insights for vehicle manufacturers and policymakers to design and develop vehicles tailored for rural roads in India, contributing to sustainable transportation solutions and economic growth.

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