This book looks at the manufacture of a whole range of functional objects from the Renaissance to the mid-nineteenth century, before the production of such pieces became almost entirely industrialised. It includes tools and implements employed in sciences, crafts and trades, as well as in domestic and personal life, and explains the context that led craftsmen to fashion these pieces with such dexterity and attention to detail that the end-products can be considered true works of art. Exceptional scientific instruments from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are strongly represented, focusing especially on Germany. There are detailed reproductions of astrolabes, topographical instruments, sundials and balances, often commissioned by princes and aristocrats for inclusion in their personal 'cabinet of wonders'. In the field of medicine, the book features many examples of surgical instruments, which initially emerged to meet the pressing needs of army surgeons on the battlefield and then developed into a variety of highly specialised pieces. The examples of craftsmen's tools, where functional considerations were clearly paramount, illustrate how their practical purpose was integrated with highly symbolic decoration and careful choice of materials. In the home, the book looks at wrought-iron pieces used in the preparation of food at the hearth, which would often have played a central role in domestic life. There is also a section on the personal objects produced in France in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to cater for the ever-increasing sophistication of urban society. This created a demand for leisure equipment, needlework tools, writing, smoking and personal grooming accessories, and the 'travel kits' used by an ever more mobile population.

About the Author

Luigi Nessi is an architect specializing in material culture. His collections have been displayed at the Castello Sforzesco in Milan and the Museum der Kulturen in Basel. Alessandro Cesati is an architect and art dealer. He is the author of Clavis, Chiavi, serrature, forzieri dalla collezione Conforti and Fire-Steels. He is a former cocurator of the Milan exhibit of the Nessi collection. Richard J. Wattenmaker is the director of the Smithsonian Institution's archives of American art. He is the author of Maurice Prendergast. He lives in Washington, D.C. Peter Plassmayer is the curator and director of the clock and watch collection at the Dresden Institute of Mathematics and Physics. Marie-V�ronique Clin is a curator at the Mus�e d’Histoire de la M�decine in Paris. Claudine Cartier is head curator at the Inspection G�n�rale des Mus�es. She is the author of L’h�ritage industiel, un patrimoine.

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