Heredity is the one branch of science everybody thinks they already understand. Tall pea, short pea, three to one, a monk, a garden, a tragic silence, and on to the next chapter. This book takes the story apart and asks the questions the textbook skips.
Why one quarter, and not one fifth or one half? What four conditions have to hold at once for that number to appear, and what happens in the many living things where one of them fails? Why does the ratio you learn in school describe not the underlying system but a compressed image of it, and how did a man with no microscope work out how to see behind the compression? Why is inheritance discrete at all, when every child you have ever met looks like a blend of two parents?
The answer to the last question turns out to be the deepest one in the book. Blending is what everyone could see, and blending is fatal: a hereditary system that averages destroys, in a few dozen generations, the very variation it exists to transmit. Discreteness is not a curious fact about garden peas. It is the only arrangement that survives.
From there the book follows the exceptions, which are far stranger than the rule: chromosomes chained together, dice loaded in favor of one gene at the cost of killing its carriers, cellular passengers that never shuffle at all, alleles that permanently change their partners, inheritance carried by a folded protein with no gene behind it, and family trees in bacteria that are not trees.
And underneath, a harder question with uncomfortably modern applications. An idea that was correct, cheap to test, and written in plain German sat unread for thirty-five years. Not because anyone suppressed it, but for reasons that can be named, measured, and looked for again. Which raises the possibility that a reader who understands why Mendel was ignored can learn to spot the ideas being ignored now.
Boris Kriger is a Canadian researcher affiliated with the Information Physics Institute in the United Kingdom and the Institute of Integrative and Interdisciplinary Research in Toronto. He writes on physics, complex systems, and philosophy, and has published widely in both scholarly and popular form.
Keywords: heredity, genetics, Mendel, history of science, scientific discovery, complex systems, philosophy of science
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