Introduction.- Evolution in Ideology and Culture after the Opium Wars and up to the Westernization Movement.- The Leading Roles of Reform and Revolution in the Socio-Cultural Trends of the Final Years of the Qing Dynasty.- Initial Shaping of Social Public Cultural Spaces at the End of the Qing Dynasty.- Major Trends in Ideological and Cultural Transformation toward the End of the Qing Dynasty.- Political Disarray and Conflicts between New and Old Ideology in the First Years of the Republic.- Rise of the New Culture Movement.- The Social Foundations of the New Culture Movement.- From Cultural Movement to Political Movement.- Evolutions in the Role of Conservatism in the Transition to a Modern Culture.- Political Change and Cultural Transition.
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