Items related to X-Ray Contrast Media: Overview, Use and Pharmaceutical...
Synopsis
General principles.- Structure and properties of X-ray contrast media.- Barium sulfate.- Water-soluble contrast media.- Chemical structure, biological behavior and use.- Conventional, highly hypertonic contrast media in uro/angiography and CT.- Low-osmolar contrast media, especially nonionic substances.- Contrast media for intravenous cholegraphy.- Contrast media for oral cholegraphy.- Cations.- Synthesis of water-soluble contrast media.- Physicochemical properties of water-soluble contrast media.- Water solubility.- Viscosity/temperature.- Osmolality.- Lipophilia.- Electrical charge.- Possible uses of contrast media.- Principles of opacification.- Pharmaceutical product quality.- Practical information at a glance.- Purity of the active ingredient, by- and degradation products.- Formulations.- Additives.- Microbiological quality of the finished product.- Production under controlled environmental conditions.- Production process.- Sterile filtration, ultrafiltration and sterilization.- Sterility test.- Test for pyrogens.- Preservation of product quality in hospitals and practices.- Stability in long-term storage and at different temperatures.- Sensitivity to irradiation and light.- Tests for contamination with particles.- Risks of microbial contamination.- Transferring the contrast medium to sterile containers, disposable syringes, automatic injectors.- Resterilization.- Influence on laboratory tests.- Interactions with medicines.- Risk of contrast media use.- General reactions (anaphylactoid reactions).- Prophylaxis of general reactions.- Dose-dependent side effects.- Prophylaxis and therapy of severe iodine-induced hyperthyroidism.- Renal damage.- Pregnant patients.- Breast-feeding mothers.- Pheochromocytoma.- Sickle-cell anemia.- Drugs and measures for the treatment of a contrast medium reaction.- Further development of contrast media.- References.- Commercial brands and their iodine content (g).
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