Purification Process and Characterization of Ultra High Purity Metals: Application of Basic Science to Metallurgical Processing - Softcover
Book 3 of 4: Springer Series in Materials Processing
Synopsis
I Fundamentals and the Present Status of Purification of Metals.- 1 The Thermodynamics of Oxygen in Reactive Metals.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Various Techniques for Removing Oxygen from Reactive Metals.- 1.2.1 Solid State Electrotransport.- 1.2.2 Deoxidation Using Metal/Metal Oxide Equilibrium.- 1.2.3 Calcium Halide Flux Deoxidation.- 1.2.4 Electrochemical Deoxidation.- 1.2.5 Deoxidation by Oxyhalide Formation.- 1.3 The Thermodynamics of Oxygen in Reactive Metals.- 1.3.1 The Principle of Measurement of Ultra-Low-Oxygen Potentials.- 1.3.2 Gibbs Energies of Solution of Oxygen in Reactive Metals.- 1.4 The Removal of Oxygen from Reactive Metals.- 1.4.1 The Thermodynamic Properties of Oxygen in Rare Earth Metals.- 1.4.2 The Removal of Oxygen from Rare Earth Metals.- 1.4.3 Comparison with Other Direct Oxygen Removal Techniques.- 1.5 Purity Evaluation of Deoxidized Reactive Metals.- 1.5.1 The Removal of Oxygen from Titanium.- 1.5.2 Purity Evaluation of Deoxidized Titanium.- 1.6 Summary.- References.- 2 Principles of Metal Purification and Purity Evaluation.- 2.1 Methods of Purification.- 2.1.1 Pyrometallurgical Refining.- 2.1.2 Hydrometallurgical Purification.- 2.1.3 Electrochemical Purification.- 2.1.4 Purification Methods Based on Solid-Liquid Equilibria.- 2.1.5 Purifieation by Seleetive Volatilization.- 2.1.6 Purifieation by Eleetrotransport.- 2.2 Purity Evaluation.- 2.2.1 Direct Indication of Purity.- 2.2.2 Indirect Indieation of Purity.- 2.2.3 Comparison of Achieved Purity Levels.- References.- 3 The Purification of Base Transition Metals.- 3.1 The Purification of Titanium.- 3.2 The Purification of Vanadium.- 3.3 The Purification of Chromium.- 3.4 The Purification of Manganese.- 3.5 The Purification of Iron.- 3.6 The Purification of Cobalt.- 3.7 The Purification of Nickel.- 3.8 The Purification of Copper.- 3.9 The Purification of Zinc.- References.- 4 Refractory Metals.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Group IVa Metals.- 4.2.1 Titanium.- 4.2.2 Zirconium and Hafnium.- 4.3 Group Va Metals.- 4.3.1 Vanadium.- 4.3.2 Niobium.- 4.3.3 Tantalum.- 4.4 Group VIa Metals.- 4.4.1 Chromium.- 4.4.2 Molybdenum.- 4.4.3 Thngsten.- 4.5 Group VIIa Metals.- 4.5.1 Rhenium.- 4.6 Interstitial Impurities.- 4.6.1 General Remarks.- 4.6.2 Nitrogen and Hydrogen.- 4.6.3 Oxygen.- 4.6.4 Carbon.- 4.6.5 Purification by Gettering with a More Reactive Metal.- 4.7 Purification by Electrotransport.- 4.8 Deterioration of the Purity of UHP Refractory Metals During Preparation or Application.- References.- 5 Purification of the Rare Earth Metals.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Background Information.- 5.2.1 Impurities in Rare Earth Metals.- 5.2.2 The Basic Properties of the Rare Earths.- 5.3 Purification Techniques for Rare Earth Metals.- 5.3.1 Vacuum Melting and Vacuum Degassing.- 5.3.2 Zone Refining.- 5.3.3 Vapor Techniques.- 5.3.4 Solid State Electrotransport (SSE).- 5.4 Retaining Purity During Sampie Preparation and Crystal Growth.- 5.4.1 Combining Purification and Crystal Growth.- 5.4.2 Crystal Growth After Purification.- 5.5 Purification Routes for Rare Earth Metals.- 5.6 Individual Elements.- References.- II New Methods for Purification.- 6 Hydrogen Plasma Arc Melting.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 The Removal of Nonmetallic Impurities by Hydrogen Plasma Arc Melting.- 6.2.1 The Removal of Oxygen, Nitrogen and Carbon from Iron.- 6.2.2 The Removal of Oxygen and Nitrogen from Cobalt.- 6.2.3 The Removal of Oxygen and Nitrogen from Refractory Metals.- 6.3 The Removal of Metallic Impurity Elements by Hydrogen Plasma Arc Melting.- 6.3.1 The Purification of Commercially Pure Refractory Metals.- 6.3.2 The Removal of Alloying Elements from Refractory Metal Based Alloys.- 6.3.3 The Mechanism for Removing Metallic Impurity Elements from the Melt by HPAM.- 6.4 Summary.- References.- 7 Ion-Beam Deposition.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 The Basic Principle of the Ion-Beam Deposition Method.- 7.3 The Design Concepts of Ion-Beam Deposition Systems.- 7.3.1 The Ion Energy Range.- 7.3.2 Ion Current Density and
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