Synopsis
Part I: Neuroanatomy of the brainstem Part II: Diagnosistic imaging and interventional treatment of brainstem lesions:Neuroradiology.-Ultrasound Diagnosis.-Blinkreflex.-Masseter Reflex.-Early Acoustic Evoked Potentials.-Somatosensory Evoked Potentials.-Transcranial magnetic stimulation.-Laser evoked potentials.-Recording of eye movements.-Other electrophysiologic methods for the investigation of brainstem reflexes. Part III: Diagnostic Findings:Disorders of ocular motility.-Horner's syndrome.-Central vestibular disturbances.-Tinnitus and auditory disturbances.-Intra-axial cranial nerve lesions.-Speech disorders.-Dysphagia.-Ataxia.-Pareses.-Sensory disturbances.-Bladder disturbances.-Drop attacks.-Respiratory disturbances.-Disturbances of consciousness.-Brain death diagnosis in primary brainstem injury.-Clinical brainstem reflexes.-Rare Findings/Symptomes. Part IV: Diseases: Vascular brainstem diseases.-Intraparenchymatous brainstem hemorrhage.-Perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral superficial siderosis.-Vascular malformation.-Basilar migraine / vestibular migraine.-Inflammations of the brainstem.-Brainstem involvement in demyelinating diseases.-Paraneoplastic brainstem syndromes.-Brainstem tumors.-Traumatic Brainstem Lesions.-Degenerative brainstem disorders.-Abnormalities of brainstem development.-Metabolic brainstem diseases.-Vascular cranial nerve and brainstem compressions.
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