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Permanent Guillotine, The Writings Of The Sans-Culottes (Revolutionary Pocketbooks) - Softcover
Book 7 of 9: Revolutionary Pocketbooks
Synopsis
When the Bastille was stormed on July 14, 1789, it wasn't a crowd of breeches-wearing professionals that attacked the prison, freed the internees, and killed its superintendent, carrying off his head on a pike. It was the working people of Paris, men who didn't wear breeches, the sans-culottes, who carried this out.
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About the Author
Mitchell Abidor is the principal French translator for the Marxists Internet Archive. PM Press's collections of his translations include Anarchists Never Surrender by Victor Serge, Voices of the Paris Commune, and Death to Bourgeois Society. His other published translations include The Great Anger: Ultra-Revolutionary Writing in France from the Atheist Priest to the Bonnot Gang; Communards: The Paris Commune of 1871 as Told by Those Who Fought for It; A Socialist History of the French Revolution by Jean Jaurès; and May Made Me: An Oral History of the 1968 Uprising in France.
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
The Permanent Guillotine
Writings of the Sans-Culottes
By Mitchell AbidorPM Press
Copyright © 2018 PM Press
All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-62963-388-6All rights reserved.
Contents
Introduction,
A Sans-Culotte Miscellanea,
The Permanent Guillotine,
The Sans-Culotte Alphabet,
You Won't Thumb Your Noses at Us!,
Second and Final Address of the Brave Sans-Culottes,
The Popular Society of Sans-Culottes of Nîmes,
Jacques Roux (1752–1794),
Manifesto of the Enragés,
The Agony of the Cruel Antoinette,
Interrogation Concerning Marat's Assassination,
The Awakening of the Revolutionary Tribunal,
Anacharsis Cloots (1755–1794),
Religion Is the Greatest Obstacle,
Speech Given in the Name of the Prussian Fédérés,
Speech on Behalf of the Committee of Foreigners,
Jacques Hébert (1757–1794),
Important Advice from Père Duchesne to the Aristocrats,
The Grand Army of Père Duchesne,
The Great Anger of Père Duchesne against the Moderates,
The Great Anger of Père Duchesne against the Rich,
The Great Joy of Père Duchesne,
J.R. Hébert, Deputy Procurator of the Commune,
Sylvain Maréchal (1750–1803),
The Festival of Reason,
The Catechism of the Curé Meslier,
CHAPTER 1
A SANS-CULOTTE MISCELLANEA
* THE PERMANENT GUILLOTINE
(popular song of the sans-culottes)
Deputy Guillotin
In medicine
Quite expert and quite clever,
Made a machine.
To purge the French body
Of all those who plot.
It's the guillotine, ohé!
It's the guillotine!
To punish treason,
And high rapine,
Those lovers of coats of arms
Those people, you can guess who:
Those are who we made it for,
Those whose effect we know.
It's the guillotine, ohé!
It's the guillotine!
From having plotted,
That mutinous horde
Unexpectedly came down with
A bad headache.
One day,
In order to cure these gentlemen
We'll lead them
To the guillotine, ohé!
To the guillotine!
From France we've chased
The noble vermin,
We've swept crushed and,
Reduced everything to ruin,
But we've saved the nobleman
So as to kill him with a cut of the neck
By the guillotine, ohé!
By the guillotine.
Messieurs the noble mutineers,
Every one of whom vainly strives,
To foment civil war;
If we take you truly
You'll die very nobly.
On the guillotine, ohé!
On the guillotine.
The tenth procured us
A hearty task,
The traitors abounded,
Worse than a plague.
Since we don't want to miss any
We punish without uprooting it.
Yes, the machine remains, ohé!
The machine remains.
* THE SANS-CULOTTE ALPHABET; OR, THE FIRST ELEMENTS OF REPUBLICAN EDUCATION
Dedicated to the Young Sans-Culottes In their hearts new and pure, opening to life, Let us engrave in strokes of fire the love of the Fatherland.
I
Q: Who are you?
A:A Republican
Q: Who do you belong to?
A:The Fatherland
II
Q: What should you adore?
A:The Supreme Being.
Q: Through which sect?
A:You are free to choose.
Q: Which is preferable?
A:That of nature and reason.
Q: Tell me what this sect is.
A:It's that which unites us with the Supreme Being or separates us from it.
Q: How does it unite us?
A:Through virtue.
Q: How are we separated from it?
A:Through crime.
Q: Why should this sect be preferred?
A:Because it is free of any superstition.
Q: How does one recognize superstition?
A:By its exaggerated dogmas, which tend to arm citizens the one against the other.
Q: Does this sect consist of vain ceremonies?
A:No.
Q: Then in what?
A:In pure morals, which will make humanity a people of brothers.
III. On Morality
Q: What is the primary duty of a republican?
A:That of being immutably and invincibly fixed on the good.
Q: Why?
A:Because this principle ensures his eternal happiness.
Q: What is the most essential duty of a republican?
A:That of submitting to the laws of his Fatherland.
Q: What should a republican most frequently discuss?
A:Justice, and for it alone he should work.
Q: What difference is there between men?
A:That of crime and virtue.
Q: What is the most useful estate?
A:That of the agriculturalist.
Q: Why?
A:Because he nourishes the others.
Q: What is a republican's distinction?
A:Merit.
Q: His reward?
A:Glory.
Q: Define glory.
A:It is reputation conjoined with esteem.
Q: What are the sentiments innate to the soul of a republican?
A:The love of liberty and equality and the hatred of tyrants.
Q: What is the term of these sentiments?
A:Death.
Q: What is a tyrant?
A:It is a man who through violence or ruse was able to expropriate the people's sovereignty.
Q:What should you honor?
A:Old age and those to whom I owe my birth.
Q: How should you honor those to whom you owe your birth?
A:By profiting from their instruction.
Q: What are the greatest and first of all virtues?
A:The love of the Fatherland and of humanity.
Q: The most satisfying?
A:Hospitality.
Q: Whom should you assist?
A:All the unfortunate.
Q: Should you forget insults?
A:Yes.
Q: And good deeds?
A:Never.
Q: Can you take the property of others?
A:No.
Q: Why?
A:Because I wouldn't want anyone to take mine.
Q: What are the distinctive qualities of a republican?
A:A great and strong soul. And this grandeur and strength should never lead him to make much of himself, but rather to vanquish himself, to commit no base deeds.
Q: What does the honor of a republican consist of?
A:Of never being frightened of any danger, of not retreating before any labor when it is useful to the Fatherland.
Q: How should a republican be raised?
A:In great sobriety, in the study of justice and war, in the exercise of all social and patriotic virtues, in great horror of all vices, especially that of ingratitude, and in great emulation for glory.
Q: Why in great sobriety?
A:Because sobriety preserves the health of the mind and the body.
Q: Why in the study of justice?
A:Because man's happiness derives from this study.
Q: Why in that of war?
A:In order to learn how to vanquish the enemies of the Fatherland.
Q: Who are the enemies of the Fatherland?
A:All tyrants.
Q: Why should a republican be raised in this manner?
A:Because his education is entirely directed toward public utility.
Q: Can you hate anyone?
A:Yes, the enemies of the Fatherland.
Q: Can you take vengeance?
A:No, the law alone has that right.
Q: Is bearing false witness punished?
A:Yes.
Q: Why?
A:Because the innocent must never be accused.
Q: Should a republican allow himself to lie?
A:No, he must always tell the truth.
Q: Why is liberty so rare?
A:Because it is the first of all goods.
IV. On the Form of Government
Q: What is the form of government?
A:Republican.
Q: What does this word mean?
A:A friend of the interests of all.
Q: What is the government founded on?
A:On justice.
Q: What will support it?
A:Enlightenment and independence, supported by force.
Q: What is our constitution?
A:Popular.
Q: To whom do we owe this constitution?
A:To the people and to that part of the Convention called the Mountain, the true friends of the people.
Q: What are the bases of this constitution?
A:The rights of man, liberty, and equality.
Q: Recite the rights of man.
A:The French people, etc., etc.
V. On the Division of Powers
Q: Of how many powers is the government composed?
A:Two powers.
Q: What are they?
A:The legislative and the executive.
Q: What is the legislative power?
A:It's the National Convention, which makes the laws.
Q: What is the executive power?
A:It is the committees that execute them.
VI. On the Division of the territory
Q: How do you divide the territory of the republic?
A:Into departments.
Q: And the departments?
A:Into districts.
Q: And the districts?
A:Into cantons.
Q: And the cantons?
A:Into communes.
Q: Who renders justice?
A:The judges.
Q: Who names the judges?
A:The people.
Q: Who names to positions?
A:The people.
Q: Do the people also name to the National Assemblies?
A:Yes, Citizen.
Q: So everything is done by the people in the republic?
A:Yes, Citizen.
Q: Why?
A:Because sovereignty resides in them alone.
Q: Are all citizens subject to the laws?
A:Yes, all equally.
Q: So there is no individual in the republic who is inviolable?
A:No. Only the people are inviolable.
VII. Revolutionary History
Q: What are the most glorious dates of our Revolution?
A:July 14, 1789, August 10, 1792, and May 31, June 1, and June 2, 1793.
Q: What remarkable event occurred on July 14, 1789?
A:The taking of the Bastille by the people of Paris.
Q: Where was the Bastille?
A:In Paris.
Q: What was the Bastille?
A:A horrible prison, where the tyrant buried alive those who dared raise their voices against the tyranny.
Q: What happened on August 10, 1792?
A:The attack on the tyrant's palace by the brave sans-culottes of the faubourgs, assisted by all their brothers of the departments, and their victory.
Q: What did this victory produce?
A:The fall of the tyranny and freedom.
Q: What is a brave sans-culotte?
A:It's a man whose soul can't be broken by the gold of despots.
Q: What are the virtues of a sansculotte?
A:All of them.
Q: What remarkable events happened May 31, June 1, and June 2, 1793?
A:They were memorable days that complemented the preceding ones by destroying the conspirators, their liberticide plots, and ensuring the unity and indivisibility of the republic.
Q: So these revolutionary days were necessary?
A:Yes, for without them there would be no more liberty.
Q: Is it necessary to prolong them?
A:Yes, as long as tyranny lasts.
Q: Who are the men who deserved well of the Fatherland?
A:The men of July 14, 1789, those of August 10, 1792, and those of May 31, June 1, and June 2, 1793.
Q: In what way did they deserve well of the Fatherland?
A:By ensuring twenty-five million people freedom and equality.
Q: Where will this freedom reach?
A:The ends of the earth.
Q: Who is it that most contributed to propagating it?
A:The citizens who make up the society of Jacobins.
Q: Who were the first martyrs to freedom?
A:Two representatives of the people.
Q: Name them.
A:Pelletier and Marat, the Friend of the People.
Q: Who assassinated them?
A:Monsters animated by the royalists, priests, and federalists.
Q: What will national vengeance be?
A:The death of all tyrants.
Q: What was done with their bodies?
A:They were deposed in the Panthéon.
Q: What is the Panthéon?
A:It's a superb edifice destined to hold the ashes of those men who have deserved well of the Fatherland.
Q: Was there another martyr for liberty?
A:Yes.
Q: Where?
A:In Lyon, currently Ville Affranchie (Freed City).
Q: Name him.
A:Chalier, president of the tribunal of the district of Lyon.
Q: Who had him sacrificed?
A:The counterrevolutionaries of that guilty commune.
Q: Was he also given the honors of the Panthéon?
A:Yes, for he died for liberty.
Q: Who are those who will be called martyrs?
A:Those who will die for liberty.
Q: Name the ancients who loved liberty.
A:Brutus, Mutius Scaevola, William Tell.
Q: Who are the men who, through their writings, prepared the Revolution?
A:Helvetius, Mably, J.-J. Rousseau, Voltaire, Franklin.
Q: What do you call these great men?
A:Philosophers.
Q: What does this word mean?
A:Wise man, friend of humanity.
Q: What do their works teach?
A:That we must adore the Supreme Being, be subject to his laws, and love men.
Q: What else do they teach?
A:The practice of all virtues, and that we must sacrifice what is most dear to us to the interests of the Fatherland.
Q: What is our oriflamme?
A:The tricolored flag.
Q: What is our victory cry?
A:Long Live the Republic! Long Live the Mountain!
VIII. On the State of the Republic at the Beginning of the Campaign
Q: Where was the republic at the beginning of the campaign?
A:In a few decrees, in the hearts of a small number of firm men, devoted to the death to rise up to liberty.
Q: What was the state of our armies?
A:They were naked, unfinished, and formed of recruitments made in the midst of a civil war.
Q: By whom were they commanded?
A:By traitors sold out to tyrants in coalition against France.
Q: Who were the administrators of the departments?
A:They were Brissotins, Rolandists, royalists, and, to put it in one word, federalists.
Q: Was the Convention better composed?
A:We saw there both the wheat and the chaff, and incorruptible Montagnards destined for the dagger and slander.
Q: What was the situation in the southern part of the republic?
A:It was threatened by a moral defection and a military invasion.
Q: Was the north in a less disastrous position?
A:No, it was betrayed and sold out to England and Austria, as was the Rhine.
Q: Did the coastal borders share this sad lot?
A:Yes, they were corrupted by the gold of English merchants.
Q: What had become of the republican spirit?
A:It was debased, tormented, denounced to federalist opinion.
Q: What was the state of the public treasury?
A:It was dried up, pillaged; the gold and silver had disappeared.
Q: Didn't the state's minted money ease this exhaustion?
A:No, the enemies of the republic had too debased it.
Q: The constitution was thus without force and vigor?
A:Alas, we didn't have any.
Q: What is the Vendée that is so talked about?
A:The lair of royalists, aristocrats, émigrés, fanatical priests, swindlers, and intriguers.
Q: What did these wretches do there?
A:Assisted by exhausted peasants, in concert with Pitt and Cobourg, they prepared the counterrevolution.
Q: Was this country the only one that conspired against the republic?
A:No. The commune of Lyon, that of Toulon, even Marseilles had changed camps.
IX. On the Current State of the French Republic
Q: Where is the republic today?
A:In the unwavering vows of its representatives, in the courage of the armies, in the will of the people, in the popular societies, in the victories in the Vendée, in Lyon and Marseilles, and in the hearts of the honest sans-culottes, freed of monarchical and religious prejudices and knowing nothing but the god of nature, of reason, and of liberty.
Q: What is the present situation of the republic?
A:It will soon achieve its great destiny.
Q: What is the foundation on which it rests its hope?
A:On a republican constitution, where sacred equality finds itself consecrated for the first time.
Q: Do we have armies to make it respected?
A:Yes, and twelve for one, all in full activity.
Q: By whom are they commanded?
A:By honest republicans, by true sansculottes.
Q: How was so immense a levee carried out?
A:By a tiny decree of one line.
Q: Was there not a second decree to reinforce these armies?
A:Yes.
Q: What did it produce?
A:A levee of six hundred thousand men executed in the blink of an eye by a spontaneous movement.
Q: When was it carried out?
A:At a moment when we lacked supplies and arms.
Q: So the Convention is quite powerful?
A:Its power is limitless, for it has as its foundation the confidence and love of twenty-five million men.
Q: Did it purge itself of the members who soiled its sanctuary?
A:Most have already suffered the penalty due their misdeeds, and it daily delivers to the sword of the law all those whose perfidy is revealed.
Q: Our representatives are thus no longer inviolable?
A:No, they have been stripped of a prerogative useless to virtue and favorable to crime.
(Continues...)
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