How to Study Public Life: Methods in Urban Design - Hardcover

Jan Gehl; Birgitte Svarre

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 1610914236 ISBN 13: 9781610914239

Publisher: Island Press, 2013

Synopsis

How do we accommodate a growing urban population in a way that is sustainable, equitable, and inviting? This question is becoming increasingly urgent as we face diminishing fossil-fuel resources and the effects of a changing climate while global cities continue to compete to be the most vibrant centres of culture, knowledge, and finance.
Jan Gehl has been examining this question since the 1960s, when few urban designers or planners were thinking about designing cities for people. But given the unpredictable, complex and ephemeral nature of life in cities, how can we best design public infrastructure - vital to cities for getting for place to place, or staying in place - for human use? Studying city life and understanding the factors that encourage or discourage use is the key to designing inviting public space.
In How to Study Public Life Jan Gehl and Birgitte Svarre draw from their combined experience of over 50 years to provide a history of public-life study as well as methods and tools necessary to recapture city life as an important planning dimension.
This type of systematic study began in earnest in the 1960s, when several researchers and journalists on different continents criticized urban planning for having forgotten life in the city. City life studies provide knowledge about human behaviour in the built environment in an attempt to put it on an equal footing with knowledge about urban elements such as buildings and transport systems. Studies can be used as input in the decision-making process, as part of overall planning, or in designing individual projects such as streets, squares or parks. The original goal is still the goal today: to recapture city life as an important planning dimension. Anyone interested in improving city life will find inspiration, tools, and examples in this invaluable guide.

About this title

About the Author

Jan Gehl is a founding partner of Gehl Architects - Urban Quality Consultants. He is the author of Life Between Buildings and Cities for People. He has received numerous awards for his work and is widely credited with creating and renewing urban spaces in cities around the world, including Copenhagen, Melbourne, New York City, London, and many others. Birgitte Bundesen Svarre holds an MA in modern culture from the University of Copenhagen and a PhD from the School of Architecture in Copenhagen. She is part of Gehl Institute, the division at Gehl Architects that works with research and communication of knowledge at workshops for city planners, politicians and others with interest in life in the cities - as well as suburbs, a topic she has specialised in. She is a guest lecturer at various universities.

Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.

How to Study Public Life

By Jan Gehl, Birgitte Svarre, Karen Ann Steenhard

ISLAND PRESS

Copyright © 2013 Jan Gehl and Birgitte Svarre
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-1-61091-423-9

Contents

FOREWORD by George Ferguson, 
PREFACE, 
1 PUBLIC SPACE, PUBLIC LIFE: AN INTERACTION, 
2 WHO, WHAT, WHERE?, 
3 COUNTING, MAPPING, TRACKING AND OTHER TOOLS, 
4 PUBLIC LIFE STUDIES FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE, 
5 HOW THEY DID IT: RESEARCH NOTES, 
6 PUBLIC LIFE STUDIES IN PRACTICE, 
7 PUBLIC LIFE STUDIES AND URBAN POLICY, 
NOTES, 
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 
ILLUSTRATION AND PHOTO CREDITS, 

CHAPTER 1

PUBLIC SPACE, PUBLIC LIFE: AN INTERACTION

Like the weather, life is difficult to predict. Nonetheless, meteorologists have developed methods enabling them to predict the weather, and over the years their methods have become so refined that they can make forecasts with greater accuracy and reach. The methods described in this book also deal with foreseeing phenomena in constant flux, but the focus here is how life unfolds in city space. Just as with weather forecasting, this doesn't mean that anyone can develop a sure-fire method to predict how people will use a particular city space. Masses of data have been gathered over the years concerning the interaction of life and space in cities, and just like meteorologists' knowledge about the weather, this data can provide greater understanding of city life and predict how it will presumably unfold in the given framework.

This book describes the methods that have been developed over the past 50 years to study the interaction between public life and space. They are tools to help us understand how we use public space so that we can make it better and more functional. Observation is the key for most of the studies presented in the book.

It has been necessary to develop, almost from scratch, special tools for looking at people because people's use of cities has been overlooked, while abstract concepts, large structures, traffic challenges and other amorphous issues have dominated urban planning.

Public Space and Public Life – on Speaking Terms

Good architecture ensures good interaction between public space and public life. But while architects and urban planners have been dealing with space, the other side of the coin – life – has often been forgotten. Perhaps this is because it is considerably easier to work with and communicate about form and space, while life is ephemeral and therefore difficult to describe.

Public life changes constantly in the course of a day, week, or month, and over the years. In addition, design, gender, age, financial resources, culture and many other factors determine how we use or do not use public space. There are many excellent reasons why it is difficult to incorporate the diverse nature of public life into architecture and urban planning. Nonetheless, it is essential if we are to create worthy surroundings for the billions of people who daily make their way between buildings in cities around the world.

In this context, public space is understood as streets, alleys, buildings, squares, bollards: everything that can be considered part of the built environment. Public life should also be understood in the broadest sense as everything that takes place between buildings, to and from school, on balconies, seated, standing, walking, biking, etc. It is everything we can go out and observe happening – far more than just street theatre and café life. However, we do not mean city life to be understood as the city's psychological well-being. Rather it is the complex and versatile life that unfolds in public space. It makes no difference whether our point of departure is Copenhagen, Dhaka, Mexico City, or a small city in Western Australia. The nub is the interplay between life and space in all its guises.

The Missing Tools

At the beginning of the 1960s, critical voices began to point out that something was very wrong in many of the new districts being built, in record numbers, during this period of rapid urban growth. Something was missing, something that was difficult to define, but was expressed in concepts like 'bedroom communities' and 'cultural impoverishment.' Life between buildings had been forgotten, pushed aside by cars, large-scale thinking, and overly rationalized, specialized processes. Among the critics of the time were Jane Jacobs and William H. Whyte in New York City, Christopher Alexander in Berkeley, and one of the authors of this book, Jan Gehl in Copenhagen.

Public life and public space were historically treated as a cohesive unit. Medieval cities grew little by little in accordance with changing needs, in contrast to the rapid tempo of modernism's large-scale planning.

Cities have grown gradually for hundreds of years, rooted in many years of experience and an intuitive feeling for human senses and scale. The organic growth of medieval cities encompassed a building tradition based on generations of experience in how to create cities with well-functioning interaction between life and space. But this knowledge was lost somewhere in the process of industrialization and modernization, which led to dysfunctional city environments for the important and yet ignored segment of city life on foot. Of course, society has changed since the Middle Ages. The solution is not to recreate pre-modern cities, but to develop contemporary tools that can be applied analytically to once again forge an alliance between life and space in cities.

The Contours of an Academic Field

The environmental design pioneers of the 1960s took the basic steps needed to better understand the ephemeral concept of public life and its interaction with public space and buildings. Their method was to study existing, and as a rule pre-industrial, cities and public space to gain basic knowledge about how we use and get around in cities.

Several books published from 1960 to the mid-1980s are still considered the basic textbooks for public life studies. Although the methods described were later refined and new agendas and technologies emerged, the basic principles and methods were developed in that period.

Up to the mid-1980s, this work was carried out primarily at academic institutions. However, by the end of that decade, it was clear that the analyses and principles regarding public life and public space should be converted into tools that could be used directly in urban planning practice. City planners and politicians wanted to make conditions better for people in order to have an edge in inter-city competition. It became a strategic goal to create attractive cities for people in order to attract residents, tourists, investments and employees to fill new jobs in the knowledge society. Meeting this goal required understanding people's needs and behavior in cities.

From about the year 2000, it increasingly became taken for granted in the fields of architecture and urban planning practice generally that working with life in cities was crucial. Much bitter experience had shown that vibrant city life does not happen by itself. This is particularly noticeable in cities that are highly developed economically, because apart from commuters, people are no longer on the street by necessity to work, sell trinkets, do errands, and so on.

However, less economically viable cities are also impacted, because the rapidly growing volume of motorized traffic and related infrastructure provides obstacles for pedestrians and produces noise and air pollution for many people in their daily lives. The core of the matter is to get the large volumes of life in public spaces to function in a way that allows daily life to take place under decent conditions and partner with the physical framework instead of fighting against it.

Observations in the City

Direct observation is the primary tool of the type of public life studies described in this book. As a general rule, users are not actively involved in the sense of being questioned, rather they are observed, their activities and behavior mapped in order to better understand the needs of users and how city spaces are used. The direct observations help to understand why some spaces are used and others are not.

Studying people's behavior in public space can be compared to studying and structuring other forms of living organisms. They could be animals or cells: counting how many there are in total, how quickly they move under various conditions, and generally describing how they behave on the basis of systematic observation. People's behavior is documented, analyzed, and interpreted, but this is not done under the microscope. The observations are conducted with the naked eye and occasionally using cameras or other aids to zoom in on situations or fast-freeze the moment in order to analyze the situation more closely. The point is to sharpen the gaze of the observer.

A literary author who made a virtue out of describing ordinary life as it unfolds in public space was Frenchman Georges Perec (1936-82). In Species of Spaces and Other Pieces (1974), Perec instructed his readers in how to see what is overlooked in the city. He encouraged them to practice by occasionally taking notes of what they see, preferably using some type of system.

Perec wrote that if you don't notice anything, it is because you have not learned to observe. "You must try more slowly, almost foolishly. Force yourself to write down what is not of interest, the most banal, ordinary, colorless." Life in the city can seem banal and fleeting, and therefore, according to Perec, the observer must look and take the time needed to really see the ordinariness unfolding in public space.

In The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961), Jane Jacobs wrote in the preface to her descriptions of public life, primarily gathered from her own neighborhood of Greenwich Village in Manhattan: "The scenes that illustrate this book are all about us. For illustrations, please look closely at real cities. While you are looking, you might as well also listen, linger and think about what you see." According to Jacobs, when you are in the city you should take the time to reflect over what you are sensing – note: using all your senses. Certainly the sense of sight is key to observation, but this does not mean closing down our other senses; on the contrary. It means focusing our attention and noticing the surroundings we move through quite unconsciously every day.

According to the Macmillan online dictionary, to observe means "to watch or study someone or something with care and attention in order to discover something". And watching with care and attention is precisely what it takes to wrest useful knowledge from ordinary scenes. Anyone who decides to observe life in the city will quickly realize that you have to be systematic in order to get useful knowledge from the complex confusion of life in public space. Perhaps the person being observed is actually running an errand, but takes time to look at other people along the way, or catches sight of a protest march in the street that becomes all engrossing.

In general, the observer must be as neutral as the proverbial 'fly on the wall' – the party's benchwarmer rather than its lion, an invisible non-participant who takes in the big picture without taking part in the event. An observer can play various roles depending on the character of the study. The role of registrar, for example, counting units, where precision is the most important function. The registrar can also have an assessment role, categorizing people by age group, for example. Here the ability to evaluate is the most important function. Or the registrar's role can be analytical, keeping a detailed diary with a feeling for nuance, a trained eye and experienced sense of what type of information is relevant.

It is possible to train your eye in the art of observation. Naturally, there is a difference between the eye of a professional and a lay person, but in principle, anyone can observe city life. Beginners will need to hone their skills, see the world through new eyes and use tools advisedly, while the trained, professional eye can perceive new connections. However, there are great differences in the degree to which observers will understand the form aspects. If observers are also expected to interpret, they will need spatial training.

Man or Machine

In their revolt against modernism's abstract planning, city-life study pioneers such as Jane Jacobs, William H. Whyte and Jan Gehl encouraged people to see the interaction of city life and space with their own eyes, because it provides greater understanding. We believe this is still the critical starting point for going into the city to observe, using one's senses, common sense and simple registration techniques with pen and paper, which is why we emphasize these manual methods.

In using these manual methods, the observer is the human factor for good and ill. Technical solutions such as video surveillance cameras or GPS (Global Positioning System) tracking devices can sometimes serve as more objective solutions. The decision must be made as to the degree of precision needed and the form of knowledge wanted. The key difference is that human registration always brings more than cold facts to the table. When people are doing the counting, for example, they can add information from the site that can have decisive influence on interpretation. Observers often bring extra material home by using their senses and common sense. An automatic bicycle counter is set up on a bike path to count passing bikers. One day almost no bicyclists are registered. What the human registrar can see is that a van is parked on the bike path a few feet ahead of the automatic counter, so on that day the bicyclists veer around the counter. Naturally, the human registrar counts the bicycles anyway, noting the conditions and taking a picture, while the automatic counter simply registers a low number of bicyclists.

Ethical Considerations

When gathering data on human behavior, it is always important to weigh how and where ethical considerations should be made. Data should be anonymized. Legislation varies from country to country.

Observations are often accompanied by photo documentation. In Denmark, it is legal to photograph as long as the photos are taken from places that are 'freely accessible'. In other words, you are not allowed to enter private property without permission, but you can take a picture of someone standing in his own front yard, if that person can be seen with the naked eye from a public street. The rules serve a double purpose: to protect individuals from invasion of privacy and to protect the freedom of journalists and others to freely gather information.

Photo series from Strøget, Copenhagen's main pedestrian street, illustrating what Jane Jacobs calls "sidewalk ballet." The ballet is rendered in brief scenes in which life unfolds like a dance in public space. The example opposite shows a little ballet involving a bench in inner Copenhagen. The study of the nuances of bench use originate from an article by Jan Gehl, "People on Foot", from 1968. The running dialog under the photographs was originally written in Danish by Jan Gehl together with Mark von Wodtke, who was part of the study group that conducted Copenhagen's first large public life study in 1968.

How is a bench used?

Jan Gehl, "People on Foot", Arkitekten no. 20/1968 - Mark Von Vodtke

There's a bench.

A+B: "Great, let's sit ..."

A+B: "... so I can puff on my pipe" (The man in the background is still waiting.)

C: "Ah, an empty seat on the end: I'll grab that."

A+B: "Well, time to move on."

C: "This is a good place to sit."

C: "Here come two apprentices with paint all over their pants. I think I've been here long enough."

D+E: "Wow, did you get a look at her?"

There's an empty bench.

F: "Ah, an empty bench. I wonder if there are any red ones left?"

G: "This is a nice place. I'll sit at the opposite end. What on Earth is that white stuff? Fresh paint! – well, I'm not going to sit there"

F: "So he didn't really want to sit down. I guess I'll manage with my own company" ... (The little guy is still waiting patiently in his stroller.)

CHAPTER 2

WHO, WHAT, WHERE?

It is necessary to ask questions systematically and divide the variety of activities and people into subcategories in order to get specific and useful knowledge about the complex interaction of life and form in public space. This chapter outlines several general study questions: how many, who, where, what, how long? An example is given showing how each basic question has been studied in various contexts.

The list of questions that can be asked about the interaction between life and form is essentially endless. The questions listed in the paragraph at left are the most basic, and, naturally, can be combined in any way. When asking where people stay, it is usually relevant to ask who they are, how long they are staying or some other combination of questions.

It is not possible to draw up a list of fixed questions that can be investigated in all areas or cities. Every city is unique, and observers must use their eyes, other senses and good common sense. Most important is that the context and site determine the methods and tools, and on the whole, how and when the study should be conducted.

(Continues...)

Excerpted from How to Study Public Life by Jan Gehl, Birgitte Svarre, Karen Ann Steenhard. Copyright © 2013 Jan Gehl and Birgitte Svarre. Excerpted by permission of ISLAND PRESS.
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Edition details

• Publisher: Island Press
• Publication date: 2013
• Language: English
• ISBN 10: 1610914236
• ISBN 13: 9781610914239
• Binding: Hardcover
• Number of pages: 168