A bold challenge to entitlement. A defense of personal liberty. A timeless voice in the debate over wealth and responsibility.
In What Social Classes Owe to Each Other, Yale sociologist William Graham Sumner delivers a thought-provoking—and often controversial—argument against state-imposed charity, class warfare, and forced wealth redistribution. Writing in the wake of post–Civil War economic upheaval, Sumner contends that society thrives not through imposed obligations between social classes, but through individual effort, freedom, and accountability.
Sumner critiques the rising popularity of paternalistic government policies and “social duty” narratives, arguing instead for the “Forgotten Man”—the average citizen who bears the cost of reforms aimed at helping others. His message rings especially urgent in today’s polarized political and economic climate.
Whether you agree or disagree, this book will make you think. It’s a masterclass in classical liberalism, personal liberty, and the enduring tension between justice and equality.
Essential reading for students of philosophy, economics, political science—and anyone concerned with the balance between freedom and fairness.
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William Graham Sumner was a 19th century social scientist who became famous as one of the first philosophers that stressed the rights of the individual over the control mechanisms wielded by the state.
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