Synopsis
1 Nutrition and Metabolic Development in Mammals.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Development.- 1.2. Environment.- 1.3. Early Postconceptional Period.- 1.4. The Embryo and the Fetus.- 2. Fetal Period.- 2.1. Carbohydrate Metabolism.- 2.2. Fatty Acid Metabolism.- 2.3. Amino Acid Metabolism.- 3. Perinatal Period.- 4. Suckling Period.- 4.1. Gastrointestinal Tract.- 5. Weaning Period.- 5.1. Weaning in the Laboratory Rat.- 5.2. Premature Weaning.- 5.3. Premature Weaning to a High-Protein Diet.- 6. Permanent Effects of Early Nutritional Changes.- 7. Summary.- 8. References.- 9. Recommended Reading.- 2 Malnutrition and Mental Development.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Animal Studies.- 2.1. Malnutrition and Learning.- 2.2. Malnutrition and ''Emotionality".- 2.3. Malnutrition and Other Behaviors.- 2.4. The Early Environment and Behavior.- 3. Human Studies.- 3.1. Early Malnutrition and Intelligence.- 3.2. Serial Studies on Intellectual Development of Malnourished Children.- 3.3. Environmental Enrichment for Malnourished Children.- 3.4. Dietary Supplementation.- 4. References.- 3 Nutrition and Cellular Growth.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Normal Cellular Growth.- 2.1. Brain.- 2.2. Liver.- 2.3. Placenta.- 2.4. Skeletal Muscle.- 3. Effect of Diet on Cellular Growth.- 3.1. Brain.- 3.2. Liver.- 3.3. Placenta and Fetus.- 3.4. Skeletal Muscle.- 3.5. Other Tissues.- 4. References.- 4 Nutrition and Brain Neurotransmitters.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Neurobiology.- 2.1. Neurons, Neurotransmitters, and Brain.- 2.2. Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Major Brain Neurotransmitters.- 2.3. Relation between Neurotransmitter Level and Release.- 3. Nutrition and the Brain.- 3.1. Effect of Diet on the Brain.- 3.2. Protein Malnutrition.- 3.3. Cofactor Availability.- 3.4. Precursor Availability.- 4. Implications of Precursor Control of Brain Neurotransmitter Synthesis and Release.- 5. References.- 5 Nutrition and Pregnancy.- 1. Maternal-Fetal Exchange.- 1.1. General Considerations.- 1.2. Maternal Physiologic Changes.- 1.3. Maternal Metabolic Changes.- 1.4. Growth of the Conceptus.- 1.5. Transfer of Nutrients into the Conceptus.- 2. Nutrition and Growth of the Human Conceptus.- 2.1. Maternal Weight Gain and Birth Weight.- 2.2. Food Supplementation Studies.- 2.3. Effect of Famine.- 2.4. Maternal-Fetal Exchange and Maternal Nutritional Status.- 2.5. Postnatal Consequences of Maternal Malnutrition.- 3. Nutrition and Growth of the Conceptus in Animal Models.- 3.1. Fetal Growth.- 3.2. Postnatal Consequences of Maternal Malnutrition.- 4. Effects of Specific Deficiencies on Fetal Growth.- 4.1. Vitamin A.- 4.2. Vitamin D, Calcium, and Phosphorus.- 4.3. Vitamin E.- 4.4. Vitamin K.- 4.5. Thiamine.- 4.6. Riboflavin.- 4.7. Folate.- 4.8. Vitamin B12.- 4.9. Vitamin Be.- 4.10. Vitamine.- 4.11. Iron.- 4.12. Zinc.- 4.13. Copper.- 4.14. Sodium.- 5. References.- 6 Early Infant Nutrition: Breast Feeding.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fetus.- 3. Exterogestate Fetus.- 3.1. Adaptive Suckling.- 3.2. Psychophysiology.- 3.3. Recent Knowledge.- 3.4. Nutritional Aspects.- 3.5. Biochemical Composition.- 3.6. Volume Secreted.- 3.7. Antiinfective Factors.- 3.8. Contraceptive Considerations.- 3.9. Economics.- 3.10. Mother-Infant Interaction.- 3.11. Nutrition of the Exterogestate Fetus.- 4. Transitional Period.- 4.1. Consequences.- 5. Conclusions.- 5.1. Generalizations.- 5.2. Practical Approaches.- 6. References.- 7 Early Infant Nutrition: Bottle Feeding.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nutritional Requirements.- 2.1. Water.- 2.2. Calories.- 2.3. Protein.- 2.4. Fat.- 2.5. Carbohydrate.- 2.6. Vitamins.- 2.7. Minerals.- 3. Special Formulas.- 4. Feeding Regimens.- 5. Solid Feedings.- 6. Summary.- 7. References.- 8 Malnutrition, Learning, and Animal Models of Cognition.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Techniques for Producing Early Malnutrition in Animals.- 3. Behavior Effects of Malnutrition in the Young Animal.- 4. Learning and Motivation.- 5. Concurrent Effects of Protein and Calorie Malnutrition on Stimulus-Response Learning.- 6. Concurrent E
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