Introduction.- Classical Techniques.- Integer Programming.- Genetic Algorithms.- Scatter Search.- Genetic Programming.- Artificial Immune Systems.- Swarm Intelligence.- Tabu Search.- Simulated Annealing.- GRASP: Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedures.- Variable Neighborhood Search.- Very Large-Scale Neighborhood Search.- Constraint Programming.- Multi-objective Optimization.- Sharpened and Focused No Free Lunch and Complexity Theory.- Machine Learning.- Fuzzy Reasoning.- Rough-Set-Based Decision Support.- Hyper-heuristics.- Approximations and Randomization.- Fitness Landscapes.
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