The Misunderstood Universe: Correcting and Explaining Cosmic Mistakes - Softcover

Aisenberg, PhD Sol

Softcover

ISBN 10: 1440191794 ISBN 13: 9781440191794

Publisher: iUniverse, 2009

Synopsis

This analysis of the standard model of the universe will examine, identify, warn, and explain the various reasons and ways that the standard model of the universe is seriously misunderstood and misleading. Much of the information provided in the various chapters will be repeated in other places because this is a collection of essays with chapters that were prepared over a period of time, and were expanded using new insights and different analysis. It is useful in repeating the important material in alternate ways to insure that the reader can absorb the material and new concepts. Also, it may not be necessary to read and study all the chapters, but the reader can focus on the chapters of particular concern before perhaps studying all the material, for example: Learn about twelve misunderstandings and mysteries in the standard model of the universe, and their solutions. Discover the truth about Dark Matter, Dark Energy, the Hubble red shift, tired light, and the effect of gravity. Learn why gravity is stronger than electrical and nuclear forces. Find a simple explanation for the Pioneer anomaly for NASA space probes. Understand black holes and the cosmic microwave background (CMB).

About this title

About the Author

Sol Aisenberg earned a PhD in Physics from MIT, after graduating Cum Laude from Brooklyn College with a BS in Physics. He was a staff member at MIT in the Physics Department and a member of Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi (science), and Pi Mu Epsilon (math) honor societies. He has twenty-three U.S. patents issued.

Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.

The Misunderstood Universe

Correcting and explaining the cosmic mistakes, mysteries, and beliefs, including Dark Matter, Dark Energy, pioneer anomaly, age of the universe, Hubble red shift due to gravity, quasar velocity, tired light, the expanding universe, inflation, the cosmic microwave background, black holes, and the Big BangBy Sol Aisenberg

iUniverse, Inc.

Copyright © 2009 Sol Aisenberg, PhD
All right reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-4401-9179-4

Contents

Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................vPreface.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................viiIntroduction....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................xviiAbstract........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................xxiiiChapter 1 Summary of the most important conclusions.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................1Chapter 2 Two initial and fundamental errors in the misunderstood universe......................................................................................................................................................................................................5Chapter 3 Dark Matter Explained.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................11Chapter 4 Dark Energy...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................19Chapter 5 Explaining Problems With Gravity......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21Chapter 6 Pioneer Anomaly Explained.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................27Chapter 7 Effect Of Gravity On Red Shifts.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................29Chapter 8 Effect Of Gravity On Apparent Quasar Energy Output....................................................................................................................................................................................................................31Chapter 9 Quasar Transverse Velocity Above C....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................33Chapter 10 Formation of the cosmic web - strings, walls, voids..................................................................................................................................................................................................................35Chapter 11 Einstein gravitational lenses and the Theory of Additional Gravity (TAG).............................................................................................................................................................................................39Chapter 12 Gravity Waves........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................41Chapter 13 Hubble And The Red Shift.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................43Chapter 14 Red Shift Components Involving Gravity...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................51Chapter 15 Tired light, red shift, and gravity..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................57Chapter 16 Consequences of misunderstood red shift..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................61Chapter 17 Galaxies and Stars are not receding..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................67Chapter 18 The Universe is not expanding........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................69Chapter 19 Flat, Open, Or Closed Universe.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................71Chapter 20 Supposed expansion of the universe...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................73Chapter 21 Big bang not proven..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................75Chapter 22 Age of universe not correct..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................79Chapter 23 Gaps in narrow views of the red shifts...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................81Chapter 24 Connected galaxies with different distances and red shifts...........................................................................................................................................................................................................83Chapter 25 Inflation is not needed..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................85Chapter 26 Olbers' paradox and the dark sky.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................87Chapter 27 Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Explained..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................89Chapter 28 Black Holes and Information..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................95Chapter 29 Space Time Concept...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................99Chapter 30 Viral Theory in Astrophysics.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................103Chapter 31 An early essay on the subject........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................107Chapter 32 Another early essay on the subject...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................115Chapter 33 Some tasks for the future............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................123Chapter 34 Conclusions..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................129Chapter 35 Summary..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................131About the author................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................147Appendix A More about me, to help establish creditability.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................159Appendix A1 Brief Summary Of Experience, Background, And Activities of Sol Aisenberg, PhD.......................................................................................................................................................................................161Appendix A2 Publications, Reports, Presentations, and Patents of Sol Aisenberg, PhD.............................................................................................................................................................................................167Appendix A3 Curriculum vitae....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................193Appendix B Copy of earlier analysis of universe that was posted on my web site, "inventing-solutions.com" in around October 14, 2004, with slight updating of my email addresses, and before my recent simplifying insight about gravity, and the red shift.....................205References And Reading Material.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................259

Chapter One

Summary Of The Most Important Conclusions

In the following portions of this document I will explain the reasons for the conclusions I reached after about ten years of, part time, obsessive, investigation (as a curious scientist) of the many mysteries in the supposed understanding of the universe. To guide the reader, I will identify the most important conclusions, and then the associated consequences will be discussed later in the document.

Gravity, even if the source or cause is not understood, is important and vital in most events and processes in the universe.

Without gravity, matter in the universe would not collect into masses such as stars, and galaxies. Gravitational forces cause the collapse of material in stars thus igniting the stars through gravitational energy produced by the gravitational collapse. This also causes the start of nuclear processes resulting from fusion associated with high temperature, and high density and gravitational confinement.

The nuclear processes in stars produce star explosions and the release of the higher atomic mass materials that make up part of the universe. Gravity also influences the energy of photons emitted from stars, galaxies, quasars, and also drains energy from photons traveling large distances, resulting in tired light.

There is no need for the invisible Dark Matter proposed to provide the necessary gravitational forces to explain the puzzling observations at cosmic distances and the related Dark Matter. Actually, the observations for spiral galaxies indicate a questionable linear invisible addition to the mass, or else a linear invisible addition to the already invisible gravitational constant. Because gravity itself is invisible, we show that when an invisible linear additional gravity term is added to the invisible Newton's gravity, the result is in agreement with the associated observations, thus eliminating the need for invisible Dark Matter.

Second, there is no need for Dark Energy. The apparent need is because of a belief that the red shifts and photon energy loss described by the Hubble observations for nearby cases show the red shift as a linear function of distance plus the assumption that it can be extended linearly to measure very large distances. However, for very, very large distances, the assumption that the linear form is also valid for extreme distances would eventually require the photon energy to go to zero and then even negative - not very likely.

Third, the red shifts are not mostly due to the Doppler effect, and do not prove receding galaxies, or an expanding universe.

Fourth, the red shifts have large contributions due to gravity draining photon energy while traveling, in addition to any smaller Doppler effects.

Fifth, there is an alternate explanation for the cosmic microwave background, CMB, radiation other than as the remains of the big bang, and also one for the low 2.7 K degree temperature of the radiation.

Sixth, there was no proof of the big bang because there are no valid direct observations or demonstrations of the receding galaxies or of the expanding universe.

Seventh, tired light as an explanation of the Hubble linear dependence of the red shift on distance can be understood and predicted as a result of the process involving the drain of photon energy by gravitational interaction with interstellar gas and dust without collisions - similar to gravitational tidal interaction and transfer of energy from our moon to earth.

There are many more explanations of other and less significant conflicts in the standard model of the universe, and they will be covered in other chapters.

As an example of the wrong reasoning in the understanding of the universe, consider the illogical proof of the supposed expanding universe. Others have presented an explanation that of the red shift is due to the expansion of the universe and space-time, while the red shift (and supposed Doppler effect) is used as proof of the expanding universe. This is a prime example of wrong and illogical circular reasoning.

Chapter Two

Two Initial Fundamental Errors In The Misunderstood Universe

The first error briefly, is due to the assumption that Newton's law of gravity is a universal law of gravity, and therefore is also valid outside our solar system

The second error, with many more serious consequences is the belief that the red shift of Hubble is due to the Doppler effect and that the stars are receding, and also that the red shift can accurately determine distances.

In considering the mysteries of the universe over the last ten years, I became concerned about the lack of true progress in understanding the mysteries of the universe, some going back over seven decades. There is an apparent lack of understanding as shown in the information that is presented by experts in the many recent presentations and publications and awards.

While reviewing in my spare time (perhaps obsessively) much of the available information for the past 10 years, while busy with other scientific and business matters, I gained an insight into the true situation. It is presented here in order to help redirect future work of others, probably to more serious matters such as solution of the energy problem, and for better, cost effective solutions for health problems. Preparing and sharing my insights in this document will permit me to clear my mind of this problem, and to continue to spend more time on my other practical projects.

Because science is said to proceed funeral by funeral, the insight presented here is primarily for future generations of scientists.

I am an applied physicist by inclination and training, and believe that the current theoretical understanding of the universe is based upon wrong interpretations of the observations. Theory is valuable in assembling the observations into a form that can be verified by predictions and then confirmed by observations. If there is a significant difference between verified observations, preferably for observations also verified by others, then the theory must be reexamined and modified.

In around 1514, Copernicus saw and shared some of the truth, and later in around 1609, Galileo saw and also shared some of the additional truth. Even in around 1687, when Newton made his important contribution to the understanding of gravity, he left some more work to be done for cosmic distances probably because he did not have good data for stars outside our solar system. Even Einstein in about 1905 with his theory of general relativity came even closer to the true universe but was apparently also misled about the apparently expanding universe based upon the wrong interpretation of the meaning of the red shift.

Fortunately there remain additional contributions to the understanding of the universe, probably to be made by future generations.

Two initial and fundamental mistakes and assumptions are responsible of the misunderstood universe, and they involve Dark Matter and Dark Energy.

The first mistake is the assumption and statement that Newton's law of gravity is a universal law, also valid at cosmic distances and valid throughout the universe rather than just a law of gravity valid only at shorter distances as in our solar system.

Newton's law of gravity is only based upon observations of planets in our solar system. When applied to observations of motion of galaxies at larger distances, the law fails to explain these observations. It requires unusually large modifications and unproven assumptions such as massive amounts of invisible matter or Dark Matter to supply the necessary gravity.

The second mistake is related to the true meaning of the red shift. Hubble's law is based upon observations of the red shifts associated with remote galaxies and stars and their distances based upon associated determination of their distances. The observations showed that the red shifts apparently increased linearly as the distances increased. Because the Doppler effect could also cause red shifts (and blue shifts in our Milky Way galaxy) it was believed that the observed red shifts were caused by the Doppler effect and apparently indicated that the remote stars and galaxies were receding, although there were no direct confirming observations of the actual receding velocities.

Both of these assumptions are wrong and provide the two major mysteries in the standard model of the universe, Dark Matter and Dark Energy.

As a result of these mysteries there were other consequent errors, assumptions, and questions in the supposed understanding of the universe. Most involve mostly the red shifts, (which contains contributions from gravitational effects).

Some of these consequent errors and questions are: (a) the belief that the stars are receding, (b) the supposed age of the universe, (c) the supposed distance of Quasars, (d) the supposed high power output of Quasars, (e) the supposed angular transverse velocity of some Quasars computed show transverse velocities larger than the velocity of light C, (f) the time required for forming cosmic structures compared to the supposed age of the universe, (g) the observed gaps in narrow directional views of red shifts, (h) the belief in the expanding universe, (i) the belief in the big bang, and (j) the need for inflation to explain the observed uniformity of the universe. The age of the universe based upon the Hubble constant and assumed velocity is wrong.

Gravity is the largest force in the universe, and without gravity the universe and stars as we know them would not exist because the nuclear processes in stars start under gravitational compression of matter in the stars. Nuclear forces and electromagnetic forces are also strong but only for smaller distances.

Newton's law of gravity is said to be a Universal law of gravity although it is only based upon extensive observational data for the motion of bodies in our solar system. For observations at cosmic distances outside our solar system, the law fails. The concept of Dark Matter is needed to make the cosmic observations fit Newton's law. This is the case for the observed flat rotation velocity curves of spiral galaxies and the earlier observed motion of groups of galaxies by FritzZwicky who was not sufficiently appreciated. When we extend Newton's gravitational constant by adding a term linear in distance, r, then Dark Matter is not needed to explain the observations. Our solution is different from the MOND theory of M. Milgrom that involves acceleration.

One basic assumption in the commonly accepted model of the universe is the assumption that Newton's laws of gravity is a universal law and that the gravitational constant is also valid at cosmic distances.

Newton's law and gravitational constant were shown to be valid but only based upon astronomical observations in our solar system and subsequent laboratory experiments.

There is no observational proof that Newton's laws are also valid for the universe or for distances larger than for our solar system. In fact we find that our simple Theory of Additional Gravity (TAG) as an extension of Newton's original law of gravity for large distances that will fit the observations at cosmic distances and without change, will also fit observations in our solar system.

The common assumption about gravity has led to the usually held belief that Newton's law of gravity, combined with observations of motion of groups of galaxies, and the motion of stars in spiral galaxies, need the presence of massive amounts of missing matter, now called Dark Matter to explain the many observations. This has resulted in a number of more serious errors, which are propagated in a number of publications and references by respected astrophysicists.

There are errors and assumptions in the standard model of the universe - and they should be corrected in order to really understand our universe. It is important that the scientific community take careful consideration of the correction of the assumptions in order that many capable scientists do not waste any more of their precious years of research by following ideas and trails that will be discarded by future generations.

A corrected understanding of additional extended gravity outside our solar system (and also in our solar system) does not invalidate the work of Newton and of Einstein. Their work was based upon observations in our solar system and is still valid there.

There is considerable interest, need, and effort involved in identifying the Dark Matter that is assumed to exist in massive amounts in the universe.

Starting over seven decades ago, there now are serious errors in the commonly accepted model of the universe. Observations of the rotation of spiral galaxies together with early observations by Zwicky of the motion of groups of galaxies, plus Newton's laws, required massive amounts of missing matter, now mistakenly called Dark Matter, to explain the many observations.

In subsequent chapters I will show how my simple extension of the gravitational constant G, for larger distances, r, consisting of an additional gravitational term linear in distance, A*r, can explain the observations without needing the fruitless search for Dark Matter.

Chapter Three

Dark Matter Explained

In general for scientific work, theories are developed to agree with observations, and the value of a theory increases when it can predict future observations. Newton's laws were based upon observations of the motion of planets. Einstein's general Relativity as an extension of Newton's laws did not replace Newton's laws, and are validated by observations of the unusual motion of Mercury, the effect of gravity on photons, and most important were validated by additional measurements of the displacement of star images during an eclipse of the sun.

Fritz Zwicky first introduced the concept of missing (dark) matter in 1933 when he studied the radial velocities of seven galaxies in the Coma cluster. He determined the radial velocities of individual galaxies and the mean velocity of the cluster. From these he was able to make a crude estimate of the total mass of the cluster. Zwicky concluded that most of the cluster mass is in the form of` invisible matter or Dark Matter that can be detected through its gravitational effects. A crude estimate at that time was for a ratio of at least 400 for dark mass to visible mass. This was a remarkable accomplishment at that time in view of the limited equipment available. It identified the serious need for a revision of the theory of the gravity in the galaxy. However, a patch in the theory was provided by the introduction of the concept of massive amounts of Dark Matter.

In 1970 Rubin and Ford studied the optical (Doppler shift) rotation curves of the spiral galaxy M31. The results showed a constant rotational velocity at the outer visible portion of the optical disks. This suggested an explanation using a halo of Dark Matter outside the visible optical extent of the disk, similar to the results of Fritz Zwicky for galaxy clusters.

A rotation curve with a constant velocity, plus Newtonian physics, implies that the halo mass increases linearly with r even outside the range of visible stars.

We introduce our Theory of Additional Gravity (TAG) to extend Newton's law of gravity so that it will agree with observations of events at cosmic distances - as well as in our solar system, without needing Dark Matter.

Further study by us showed that the representation of the long range gravitational constant, Ga, can result from the elementary equation describing the equilibrium between the gravitational force, G*M/r*r towards the central mass M at a distance r, and the centrifugal force due to rotation velocity, v, described by v*v/r.

(Continues...)

Excerpted from The Misunderstood Universeby Sol Aisenberg Copyright © 2009 by Sol Aisenberg, PhD . Excerpted by permission.
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Edition details

• Publisher: iUniverse
• Publication date: 2009
• Language: English
• ISBN 10: 1440191794
• ISBN 13: 9781440191794
• Binding: Paperback
• Number of pages: 288