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The fact that metals are capable of forming chemical combinations among themselves has only gradually received recognition. Alloys were generally regarded as mixtures, and their variability of composition was cited during the controversy between Proust and Berthollet as to the definiteness of proportions in chemical combination. The earliest suggestions that compounds might be present in certain alloys were based on thermal observations. In the course of a series of careful determinations of the freezing-points of some fusible alloys, Rudberg observed that the thermometer generally showed two arrests during cooling, the first depending on the composition of the alloy, whilst the position of the second was constant throughout any one series. Such a constant lower freezing-point was observed in the series lead-tin, lead-bismuth, bismuth-tin, bismuth-zinc, and zinc-tin, and was attributed to the formation of a compound or "chemical alloy Formulę were assigned to several of these supposed compounds, which are now known to be eutectic mixtures. This view long survived, and received much support from the work of Levol, who observed that liquation occurred in all alloys of silver and copper, with the exception of that containing 71.89 per cent of silver, which he therefore assumed to be a definite compound, with the formula Ag3Cu2 (using the modern atomic weights). At a much later date, Guthrie, in the course of a study of salt solutions, observed the occurrence of a constant minimum freezing-point in many series, and this he regarded as due to the chemical combination of salt and water to form a "cryohydrate," stable only at low temperatures. This erroneous view unfortunately prevailed, although the true nature of the minimum, as the point of intersection of the ice curve and the salt solubility curve, had been shown earlier by Rudorff.
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Excerpt from Intermetallic Compounds
The number Of intermetallic compounds is very large. A list published in 190018 included the formula of thirty-seven such compounds. In 190919 this had grown to 109, whilst a list published in the present year includes 263 formula, and the presence of many more compounds has been recognized, although the investigations have not been sufficiently complete for any definite formula to be assigned to them. Further research is certain to increase this number very largely.
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Intermetallic Compounds (Classic Reprint)
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Paperback. Condition: New. Print on Demand. This book takes readers on a journey through the intriguing realm of intermetallic compounds, chemical substances formed when two metals combine. It explores both the theoretical and practical aspects of these compounds, examining their occurrence in nature, their properties, and the various methods used to isolate and study them. Intermetallic compounds have a rich history, with the earliest observations dating back to the 19th century. The book delves into the pioneering work of scientists like Rudberg, Calvert, and Johnson, who laid the foundation for our understanding of these substances. It also discusses the contributions of Matthiessen and his collaborators, whose extensive studies of the electrical conductivity and other physical properties of alloys paved the way for the modern classification of intermetallic compounds. The author provides a comprehensive overview of the different types of intermetallic compounds, organized according to their thermal properties. The book covers compounds formed by direct solidification, those resulting from reactions in the solid state, and those that exist only within specific temperature ranges. Each type is thoroughly examined, with detailed explanations of the underlying chemical principles and experimental techniques used in their characterization. The text also explores the various methods for isolating intermetallic compounds from alloys, including fractional crystallization, fractional distillation, and the use of chemical reagents. The author highlights the challenges associated with these techniques and discusses the importance of obtaining pure samples for accurate analysis. Overall, this book offers a valuable resource for chemists, materials scientists, and anyone interested in the fascinating world of intermetallic compounds. It provides a comprehensive treatment of the subject, from the historical background to the latest research findings, making it an essential reference for both students and experienced researchers alike. This book is a reproduction of an important historical work, digitally reconstructed using state-of-the-art technology to preserve the original format. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in the book. print-on-demand item. Seller Inventory # 9781330680117_0
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