Native Americans State by State - Hardcover

Sapp, Rick

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 0785835873 ISBN 13: 9780785835875

Publisher: Chartwell Books, 2018

Synopsis

Native Americans State by State details the history of the tribes associated with every state of the Union and the provinces of Canada, from past to present. Each state entry contains its own maps and timeline.
 
The 2010 census identified 5.2 million people in the United States as American Indian or Alaskan Natives—less than 2% of the overall population of nearly 309 million. In Canada, the percentage is 4%—1.1 million of a total population of around 34 million. Most of these people live on reservations or in areas set aside for them in the nineteenth century.

The numbers are very different from those in the sixteenth century, when European colonists brought disease and a rapacious desire for land and wealth with them from the Old World. While estimates vary considerably, it seems safe to estimate the native population as being at least 10 million. Ravaged by smallpox, chicken pox, measles, and what effectively amounted to genocide, this number had fallen to 600,000 in 1800 and 250,000 in the 1890s. Those who were left often had been moved many miles away from their original tribal lands.

Native Americans State by State is a superb reference work that covers the history of the tribes, from earliest times till today, examining the early pre-Columbian civilizations, the movements of the tribes after the arrival of European colonists and their expansion westwards, and the reanimation of Indian culture and political power in recent years. It covers the area from the Canadian Arctic to the Rio Grande—and the wide range of cultural differences and diverse lifestyles that exist. Illustrated with regional maps and a dazzling portfolio of paintings, photographs, and artwork, it provides a dramatic introduction not only to the history of the 400 main tribes, but to the huge range of American Indian material culture.
 

About this title

About the Author

Rick Sapp’s varied career includes a PhD in cultural anthropology, time in 511th MI Company, US Army, and work for the US Fish & Wildlife Service, before a career in journalism. The former editor of Archery World magazine is an expert on woodcraft and archery. He has written dozens of books on bowmanship, articles for numerous popular outdoor and general interest magazines, A Cyclist’s Guide to Florida’s Best Road Rides, and various history books including In the Footsteps of Lewis and Clark. He lives in Savannah, Georgia.

Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.

North American Indian Tribes State-by-State

By Rick Sapp

The Quarto Group

Copyright © 2018 BlueRed Press Ltd.
All rights reserved.

ISBN: 978-0-7858-3587-5

Contents

Introduction, 6, 
UNITED STATES, 20, 
Alabama, 22, 
Alaska, 28, 
Arizona, 36, 
Arkansas, 42, 
California, 48, 
Colorado, 54, 
Connecticut, 60, 
Delaware, 66, 
District of Columbia, 70, 
Florida, 74, 
Georgia, 80, 
Hawaii, 84, 
Idaho, 88, 
Illinois, 94, 
Indiana, 100, 
Iowa, 106, 
Kansas, 112, 
Kentucky, 118, 
Louisiana, 124, 
Maine, 130, 
Maryland, 135, 
Massachusetts, 140, 
Michigan, 146, 
Minnesota, 152, 
Mississippi, 158, 
Missouri, 164, 
Montana, 170, 
Nebraska, 178, 
Nevada, 184, 
New Hampshire, 190, 
New Jersey, 194, 
New Mexico, 198, 
New York, 204, 
North Carolina, 212, 
North Dakota, 216, 
Ohio, 222, 
Oklahoma, 228, 
Oregon, 234, 
Pennsylvania, 240, 
Puerto Rico & Virgin Islands, 246, 
Rhode Island, 250, 
South Carolina, 254, 
South Dakota, 260, 
Tennessee, 266, 
Texas, 272, 
Utah, 278, 
Vermont, 284, 
Virginia, 288, 
Washington, 294, 
West Virginia, 301, 
Wisconsin, 304, 
Wyoming, 310, 
CANADA, 314, 
Alberta, 316, 
British Columbia, 324, 
Manitoba, 330, 
New Brunswick, 336, 
Newfoundland–Labrador, 342, 
Northwest Territories, 348, 
Nova Scotia, 354, 
Nunavut, 360, 
Ontario, 366, 
Prince Edward Island, 374, 
Quebec, 378, 
Saskatchewan, 384, 
Yukon, 390, 
Bibliography, 396, 

CHAPTER 1

Alabama

Albama

Meaning of "Alabama"

From Choctaw albah amo, "thicket-clearers" or "plant-cutters."

Geography

Mountainous in the north falling to rolling grasslands and forests, and a low-lying coastal plain.

Culture and Lifestyle

Agricultural peoples who also hunted, gathered wild foods, and fished.

Languages

Iroquoian, Muskogean.

Types of Housing

Wickiups in mild weather on the coast; substantial windowless houses in towns.

Contemporary peoples native to Alabama

Alabama, Cousahatta, Creek, Eastern Cherokee, Mobile.

Tribal entities in Alabama

Poarch Band of Creeks State Recognized: Cher-O-Creek Intra Tribal Indians, Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama, Cherokees of Southeast Alabama, Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama, Ma-Chis Lower Creek Indian Tribe of Alabama, Mowa Band of Choctaw Indians, Piqua Shawnee Tribe, Star Clan of Muscogee Creeks, United Cherokee Ani-Yun-Wiya Nation.

Bands of Paleo-Indians were exploiting Alabama's resources 12,000 years ago. They were a mobile people who foraged as the seasons presented food sources. It took thousands of years for Ice Age mega-fauna to disappear and for ever-hungry communities to begin cultivating wild plants, eventually settling into a way of life that relied on beans and squash, then later tobacco and corn.

Long before the arrival of Europeans, indigenous cultures flourished ... and declined in Alabama. At least 3,000 years ago, people were building enormous temple mounds, trading goods over thousands of miles, and thriving in complex societies with an agricultural surplus. One of the largest ceremonial complexes was found at Moundville, Alabama, occupied from 1100–1450 CE. When the Spanish made their first forays inland, the Mississippian culture was already crumbling. Among the tribes living in Alabama at European contact were Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee; and Muskogean-speaking Alabama, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Koasati.

The Cousahatta (Kosati) grew corn, beans, and squash, and supplemented their diet by hunting and fishing. They inhabited a series of villages along the Tennessee River and met most early explorers. The Cousahatta were closely related to the Alabama tribes and intermarried with them.

Under pressure from European settlers in the 17th–18th centuries, they made treaties, ceded lands, and migrated west to Alabama. Eventually many joined the Creek Confederacy and became part of the "Upper Creek." Continually pressed by settlers, many families migrated to Florida to join the Seminoles, others continued into Texas. Those remaining in Alabama were forcibly removed to Indian Territory after the 1830s Indian Removal Act.

Neighbors to the Cousahatta, the Alabama were the first to leave when British settlers swarmed into the area in the middle of the 18th century, after the British victory in the French and Indian Wars. Under pressure as well by Native enemies, the Alabama and Cousahatta tribes wanted to avoid the powerful Choctaw and drifted, first to Louisiana and then to Texas.

Alabama and Cousahatta were divided into Red and White towns. White towns kept the peace and provided refuge; Red towns were for warriors who conducted raids and fought wars.

After migrating into Texas, the Cousahatta and Alabama developed a strong friendship. In the early 19th century, the Texas Congress granted each tribe lands along the Trinity River, but they were soon forced out.

The Muskogee Creek are descendants of the Mississippian Mound Builder culture. Oral traditions suggest they originally migrated from west of the Mississippi River. They eventually settled on the east bank of the Ocmulgee where they successfully fought for living space and hunting territories with those tribes already present.

Muskogee

When Europeans began arriving, the Muskogee were living in scattered chiefdoms interspersed with completely autonomous villages and tribal groups.

European diseases and expeditions such as Hernando de Soto's armed entrada searching for easy wealth caused immense fatalities among southern tribes. These losses were exacerbated by Spanish, French, and British slave raids during the 17th and 18th centuries. As survivors regrouped in Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee, they formed a loose alliance, the Creek Confederacy of Muskogean-speaking peoples: Yuchi, Kosati, Alabama, Coosa, Tuskeegee, Coweta, Cusseta, Chehaw, Hitchiti, Tuckabatchee, Oakfuskee, and more.

The basic social unit was the town (idalwa) and Abihka, Coosa, Tuckabutche, and Coweta were the Confederacy's four "mother towns." Towns were led by a mico or village chief. Micos led warriors in battle and represented their villages, but held authority only insofar as they could persuade others.

Micos ruled with the assistance of lesser chiefs, advisers, respected village elders, medicine men, and a ranking warrior, the principal military adviser. The yahola or medicine man officiated at various rituals, including providing black drink, used in purification ceremonies.

The most important social unit was the clan that organized hunts, distributed lands, arranged marriages, and punished lawbreakers. The authority of a mico was complemented by clan mothers, who were mostly female elders.

The Muskogee had a matrilineal kinship system, with children considered born into and inheriting property from their mother's clan. The Wind Clan was the first of the clans and the majority of micos belonged to this clan.

After the Yamasee War, the Carolina militia and their Cherokee allies drove the Creeks west; the Yamasee dispersed. By 1718, fearing to become hopelessly entangled in the struggles of French, Spanish, and British, the Muskogee declared neutrality, preferring to trade deer hides for trade goods. As the European powers established themselves along the border of Muskogee lands, the strategy of neutrality allowed them to hold a semblance of power. The deerskin trade grew, and by the 1750s, Savannah exported up to 50,000 deerskins a year.

The Ochese Creeks and Yamasee who fled to Florida became the nucleus of a new tribal confederacy, the Seminole, with remnants of Spanish "mission Indians" and escaped African slaves.

After the French and Indian Wars fears of land-hungry settlers and desire for European manufactures led the Muskogee to side with the British, but they were divided by factionalism, and avoided sustained fighting, protecting their sovereignty through cautious participation.

In 1783, after the Revolutionary War, two Lower Creek chiefs, ceded 800 square miles of land to Georgia. While resistance to white encroachment grew in all Creek towns their chiefs nevertheless ceded thousands more miles.

In 1790, the Muskogee and Choctaw fought over land near the Noxubee River. They agreed to settle their dispute by ball-play. With nearly 10,000 players and bystanders, the two nations prepared for three months. After a bitter daylong struggle, the Muskogee won, but a fight ensued in which nearly 500 men died. The Washington administration developed a six-point proposal to bring tribes into the white sphere. The Muskogee would be the first "civilized" tribe, followed by the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole.

In 1811, coinciding with the appearance of a comet, Shawnee leader Tecumseh traveled to the Muskogee. He proposed a pan-Indian alliance to drive all whites from Indian lands. Shortly after his departure, the New Madrid earthquake shook the Midwest. The earthquake convinced the Muskogee to support the Shawnee. The Muskogee who joined Tecumseh's confederation were known as the Red Sticks.

The Creek War of 1813–1814, the Red Stick War, began as a Muskogee civil war, only to become enmeshed in the War of 1812 after the Battle of Burnt Corn. Inspired by Tecumseh and encouraged by British traders, Red Stick leaders won the support of Upper Creek towns. They opposed white encroachment and government "civilizing programs," then clashed with Lower Creek micos. Their opponents, who sought peaceful relations with white settlers, were known as White Sticks.

The Red Sticks sacked Fort Mims near Mobile in 1813, killing more than 500 defenders and the attack brought the Army into what had formerly been a civil war. The 1814 Battle of Horseshoe Bend effectively ended the war when the Red Sticks were crushed. The Red Sticks surrendered and were forced to sign the Treaty of Fort Jackson that required them to cede more than 20 million acres. Alabama was created largely from the Red Sticks' domain.

In the aftermath of war, many Muskogee escaped to the Seminoles in Florida. Andrew Jackson made Lower Creeks, who were by and large loyal to the US, cede their lands as well.

A few years later, even as settlers and gold miners poured into Indian lands the Creek National Council prescribed the death penalty for tribesmen who surrendered their land.

Andrew Jackson was elected president in 1829, and with his inauguration government Indian policy turned harsh. Jackson stopped treating tribes as separate nations. Instead, he aggressively pursued moving all tribes living east of the Mississippi River to Oklahoma.

Alaska

Meaning of "Alaska"

From Aleut, meaning "object to which the action of the sea is directed"

Geography

Vast mountain ranges with boreal forest; Arctic tundra and hundreds of islands.

Culture and Lifestyle

Arctic and sub-Arctic groups of nomadic hunter-fisher-gatherers and semi-permanent seacoast bands.

Languages

Eskimo-Aleut, Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian.

Types of Housing

Longhouse, wickiup, igloo of snow and ice.

Contemporary peoples native to Alaska

The U.S. recognizes 229 native villages and one reservation, Annette Island Reserve for the Metlakatla Tsimshian.

Athabaskans: Ahtna, Deg Hit'an, Dena'ina, Gwich'in, Han, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Lower and Upper Tanana, Tanacross, Upper Kuskokwim (Kolchanb) Eskimo: Inupiat (Inuit), Yupik (Cup'ik), Sugpiaq-Alutiiq Aleut (Unangan) Haida Input Tlingit Tsimshian Yak

Tribal entities in Alaska

Afognak [formerly the Village of Afognak] (Native Village of); Agdaagux Tribe of King Cove; Akhiok (Native Village of); Akiachak Native Community; Akiak Native Community; Akutan (Native Village of); Alakanuk (Village of); Alatna Village; Aleknagik (Native Village of); Algaaciq Native Village (St. Mary's); Allakaket Village; Ambler (Native Village of); Anaktuvuk Pass (Village of); Angoon Community Association; Aniak (Village of); Anvik Village; Arctic Village [See Native Village of Venetie Tribal Government]; Asa'carsarmiut Tribe; Atka (Native Village of); Atmautluak (Village of); Atqasuk Village (Atkasook)

Barrow Inupiat Traditional Government (Native Village of); Beaver Village; Belkofski (Native Village of); Bill Moore's Slough (Village of); Birch Creek Tribe; Brevig Mission (Native Village of); Buckland (Native Village of)

Cantwell (Native Village of); Chalkyitsik Village; Cheesh-Na Tribe [formerly the Native Village of Chistochina]; Chefornak (Village of); Chenega [aka Chanega] (Native Village of); Chevak Native Village; Chickaloon Native Village; Chignik Bay Tribal Council [formerly the Native Village of Chignik]; Chignik Lagoon (Native Village of); Chignik Lake Village; Chilkat Indian Village [Klukwan)]; Chilkoot Indian Association [Haines]; Chinik Eskimo Community [Golovin]; Chitina (Native Village of); Chuathbaluk [Russian Mission, Kuskokwim] (Native Village of); Chuloonawick Native Village; Circle Native Community; Clarks Point (Village of); Council (Native Village of); Craig Community Association; Crooked Creek (Village of); Curyung Tribal Council

Deering (Native Village of); Diomede [aka Inalik] (Native Village of); Dot Lake (Village of); Douglas Indian Association

Eagle (Native Village of); Eek (Native Village of); Egegik Village; Eklutna Native Village; Ekuk (Native Village of); Ekwok Village; Elim (Native Village of); Emmonak Village; Evansville Village [aka Bettles Field]; Eyak [Cordova] (Native Village of)

False Pass (Native Village of); Fort Yukon (Native Village of)

Gakona (Native Village of); Galena Village [aka Louden Village]; Gambell (Native Village of); Georgetown (Native Village of); Goodnews Bay (Native Village of); Grayling [aka Holikachuk] (Organized Village of); Gulkana Village

Hamilton (Native Village of); Healy Lake Village; Holy Cross Village; Hoonah Indian Association; Hooper Bay (Native Village of); Hughes Village; Huslia Village; Hydaburg Cooperative Association

Igiugig Village; Iliamna (Village of); Inupiat Community of the Arctic Slope; Iqurmuit Traditional Council [formerly the Native Village of Russian Mission]; Ivanoff Bay Village

Kaguyak Village; Kake (Organized Village of); Kaktovik Village [aka Barter Island]; Kalskag (Village of); Kaltag (Village of); Kanatak (Native Village of); Karluk (Native Village of); Kasaan (Organized Village of); Kasigluk Traditional Elders Council [formerly the Native Village of Kasigluk]; Kenaitze Indian Tribe; Ketchikan Indian Corporation; Kiana (Native Village of); King Island Native Community; King Salmon Tribe; Kipnuk (Native Village of); Kivalina (Native Village of); Klawock Cooperative Association; Kluti Kaah [aka Copper Center] (Native Village of); Knik Tribe; Kobuk (Native Village of); Kokhanok Village; Kongiganak (Native Village of); Kotlik (Village of); Kotzebue (Native Village of); Koyuk (Native Village of); Koyukuk Native Village; Kwethluk (Organized Village of); Kwigillingok (Native Village of); Kwinhagak [aka Quinhagak] (Native Village of)

Larsen Bay (Native Village of); Levelock Village; Lime Village; Lower Kalskag (Village of)

Manley Hot Springs Village; Manokotak Village; Marshall [aka Fortuna Ledge] (Native Village of); Mary's Igloo (Native Village of); McGrath Native Village; Mekoryuk (Native Village of); Mentasta Traditional Council; Metlakatla Indian Community, Annette Island Reserve; Minto (Native Village of)

Naknek Native Village; Nanwalek [aka English Bay] (Native Village of); Napaimute (Native Village of); Napakiak (Native Village of); Napaskiak (Native Village of); Nelson Lagoon (Native Village of); Nenana Native Association; New Koliganek Village Council; New Stuyahok Village; Newhalen Village; Newtok Village; Nightmute (Native Village of); Nikolai Village; Nikolski (Native Village of); Ninilchik Village; Noatak (Native Village of); Nome Eskimo Community; Nondalton Village; Noorvik Native Community; Northway Village; Nuiqsut [aka Nooiksut] (Native Village of); Nulato Village; Nunakauyarmiut Tribe [formerly the Native Village of Toksook Bay]; Nunam Iqua [formerly the Native Village of Sheldon's Point] (Native Village of); Nunapitchuk (Native Village of)

Ohogamiut (Village of); Old Harbor (Village of); Orutsararmuit Native Village [aka Bethel]; Oscarville Traditional Village; Ouzinkie (Native Village of)

Paimiut (Native Village of); Pauloff Harbor Village; Pedro Bay Village; Perryville (Native Village of); Petersburg Indian Association; Pilot Point (Native Village of); Pilot Station Traditional Village; Pitka's Point (Native Village of); Platinum Traditional Village; Point Hope (Native Village of); Point Lay (Native Village of); Port Graham (Native Village of); Port Heiden (Native Village of); Port Lions (Native Village of); Portage Creek Village [aka Ohgsenakale]; Pribilof Islands Aleut Communities of St. Paul & St. George Islands

Qagan Tayagungin Tribe of Sand Point Village; Qawalangin Tribe of Unalaska

Rampart Village; Red Devil (Village of); Ruby (Native Village of)

Saint George Island [See Pribilof Islands Aleut Communities of St. Paul & St. George Islands]; Saint Michael (Native Village of); Saint Paul Island [See Pribilof Islands Aleut Communities of St. Paul & St. George Islands]; Salamatoff (Village of); Savoonga (Native Village of); Saxman (Organized Village of); Scammon Bay (Native Village of); Selawik (Native Village of); Seldovia Village Tribe; Shageluk Native Village; Shaktoolik (Native Village of); Shishmaref (Native Village of); Shungnak (Native Village of); Sitka Tribe of Alaska; Skagway Village; Sleetmute (Village of); Solomon (Village of); South Naknek Village; Stebbins Community Association; Stevens (Native Village of); Stony River (Village of); Sun'aq Tribe of Kodiak [formerly the Shoonaq' Tribe of Kodiak]

(Continues...)

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Edition details

• Publisher: Chartwell Books
• Publication date: 2018
• Language: English
• ISBN 10: 0785835873
• ISBN 13: 9780785835875
• Binding: Hardcover
• Number of pages: 448