During the years before the Russian Revolution, diplomats across Europe were widely condemned for lacking the skills needed to cope in the threatening international environment. They were also frequently criticized for being out of touch with public opinion and too ready to clothe their activities in a veil of secrecy. This book suggests that many of these charges were unfair. Important changes took place in the organization of the British Foreign Office in the early years of the twentieth century. Administrative reform even took place in the Russian Foreign Ministry, despite the reputation of the tsarist bureaucracy for incompetence and venality. In both Britain and Russia, however, the role of diplomats and foreign ministry officials was governed above all by changes in the domestic political environment. While they played an important part in determining the foreign policy of their respective countries, their influence was often much weaker than their critics assumed.
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'The book is packed with useful detail and with insights and comparisons about how the two countries organised and ran their foreign policies. It's focus is more on men and institutions than policy, but it has a good deal to say indirectly about the latter too.' - Dominic Lieven, The Times Literary Supplement
MICHAEL HUGHES is currently a lecturer in the School of History at the University of Liverpool and was from 1990 to 1998 lecturer in the Department of Government, Brunel University. He is the author of Inside the Enigma: British Officials in Russia, 1900-1939.
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