npg (189 results)

No Binding. Condition: Very Good. Yep. we've all had beach trips like this one. A Continental postcard of the 1910s or thereabouts, with "Rain, Rain, Go Away" lines in three different languages on the back; never mailed and in nice shape.

14,0 x 9,0 cm. Wohlfahrts-Postkarte. Die Portokosten betragen im Inland 1,00 Euro.

Condition: Used - Like New. Fine. Hardcover with pictorial boards. 2016. Originally published at $24.95.

Paper Cover. Condition: Near Fine. with 64pp b&w plates.

softcover. Condition: Nearly fine copy. Well-illustrated (illustrator). 1st edition. 8vo, 121 pp.

24Mo CD. Condition: Very Good. Dust Jacket Condition: Very Good. 2-CD set in bifold sleeve. Discs are clean, any incidental surface marks do not affect play.

Encuadernación de tapa dura. Condition: Muy bien. X2110J06516. 156 g. 66 pp. Estado, muy bien. English. Filología, biografía. With 37 illustrations, 22 in colour.

VG, unmarked 9 1/4" x 11 1/4" Hardback; DJ-VG. [Photographs throughout] viii + 111 pp.

Condition: befriedigend. Kleinformat - ger. bestoßen/beschabt, altersentsprechender Erhaltungszustand mit ger. Gebrauchs-/Lagerungserscheinungen Gewicht in Gramm: 100 Ansichtskarte, Postkarte, Ortskunde, Heimatkunde, Konfirmation.

Condition: Good. This is an ex-library book and may have the usual library/used-book markings inside.This book has hardback covers. In good all round condition. No dust jacket. Please note the Image in this listing is a stock photo and may not match the covers of the actual item,250grams, ISBN:9781855142343.

Condition: Used - Good. Good paperback. 4th ed. Cover a little worn.

Condition: Nicht gelaufen. Gut erhalten. Phot. Aufnahme: Curt Oberst, Wolfenbüttel. Ca. 1913. Sprache: deu, Gewicht: 499g.

Condition: Gut. This Week Editorials Top The wrong kind of carbon cut The repeal of Australia s carbon-pricing scheme the first time a nation has reversed action on climate change sets a worrying example for other countries mulling steps to reduce emissions. Fusion furore Soaring construction costs for ITER are jeopardizing alternative fusion projects. A fate sealed Exploring how species adapt to climate change requires long-term studies, not snapshots. World View Top Chile needs better science governance and support Its scientists have much to offer the world, but are being held back by scattered administration and Delegates mourn MH17 passengers No Alt text available for this image AIDS conference tries to draw inspiration from lost scientists. Katia Moskvitch & Edward Susman Anger as Australia dumps carbon tax No Alt text available for this image Climate experts decry demise of emissions-control system. Quirin Schiermeier Gene-hunt gain for mental health No Alt text available for this image Flood of genetic locations linked to schizophrenia helps spark financial boost to research field. Sara Reardon China plans super collider No Alt text available for this image Proposals for two accelerators could see country become collider capital of the world. Elizabeth Gibney Mars slow to yield its secrets No Alt text available for this image Scientists seek fresh approaches to deciphering red planet s history. Alexandra Witze Plasma physics: The fusion upstarts No Alt text available for this image Fuelled by venture capital and a lot of hope, alternative fusion technologies are heating up. M. Mitchell Waldrop Science and politics: Hello, Governor No Alt text available for this image When California, s governor enlisted the aid of two palaeoecologists, their careers took an unusual turn. Virginia Gewin comment Medical research: Treat ageing By 2050, the number of people over the age of 80 will triple globally. These demographics could come at great cost to individuals and economies. Two groups describe how research in animals and humans should be refocused to find ways to delay the onset of frailty. Correction Books and Arts Top Science visualization: Branching arguments Kevin Padian considers two books on tree diagrams and what they can represent. Review of Aristotle, s Ladder, Darwin, s Tree: The Evolution of Visual Metaphors in Biological Order & The Book of Trees: Visualizing Branches of Knowledge J. David Archibald & Manuel Lima Books in brief Correspondence Top BRAIN initiative: Brain secrets cheap at twice the price Anuj K. Rastogi Data storage: Overcome hurdles to global databases Venceslas Goudiaby, Pieter A. Zuidema & Godefridus M. J. Mohren Environment: China, s land creation project stands firm Yansui Liu & Yuheng Li Weed control: Tactics to stamp out herbicide resistance Margaret Mellon Careers Features Top Diversity: Equal access Universities seek to recreate the success of one institution, s mentorship programme for minorities in science. Virginia Gewin research News & Views Top Schizophrenia: Genesis of a complex disease Jonathan Flint & Marcus Munafò See also Article by Ripke et al. Earth science: Rain on the parade Alison M. Anders Population biology: Fur seals signal their own decline Tim Coulson & Sonya Clegg See also Letter by Forcada & Hoffman Climate science: Cold carbon storage Sebastian Sobek See also Letter by Anthony et al. 50 & 100 Years Ago Gene regulation: Fine-tuned amplification in cells Chi V. Dang Articles Top Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Schizophrenia is a highly heritable genetic disorder, however, identification of specific genetic risk variants has proven difficult because of its complex polygenic nature a large multi-stage genome-wide association study identifies 128 independent associations in over 100 loci (83 of which are new), key findings include identification of genes involved in glutamergic neurotransmission and support for a link between the immune system and schizophrenia. See also News & Views by Flint & Munafò Enhancer hijacking activates GFI1 family oncogenes in medulloblastoma Paul A. Northcott, Catherine Lee, Thomas Zichner, Adrian M. Stütz, Serap Erkek + et al. Focusing on two ill-characterized subtypes of medulloblastoma (group 3 and group 4), this study identifies prevalent genomic structural variants that are restricted to these two subtypes and independently bring together coding regions of GFI1 family proto-oncogenes with active enhancer elements, leading to their mutually exclusive oncogenic activation. Structure of an Rrp6 RNA exosome complex bound to poly(A) RNA Elizabeth V. Wasmuth, Kurt Januszyk & Christopher D. Lima The exosome complex contains two catalytic subunits which degrade RNA in either a distributive (Rrp6) or a processive (Rrp44) manner previous structures indicated how RNA could be directed to Rrp44, but the path taken to Rrp6 was unclear, here the location of the Rrp6 catalytic domain and the RNA 3 end are determined and it is found that the RNA lies in an opposite orientation from that of the Rrp44-containing exosome structure, suggesting that the fate of an RNA may be influenced by the manner in which cofactors present it. Letters Top Jet acceleration of the fast molecular outflows in the Seyfert galaxy IC 5063 C. Tadhunter, R. Morganti, M. Rose, J. B. R. Oonk & T. Oosterloo The observation of high-velocity warm molecular hydrogen in the galaxy IC 5063 supports the proposal that the powerful jets of particles launched by active galactic nuclei can both accelerate and heat the molecular outflows that influence the evolution of galaxies. Tracking photon jumps with repeated quantum non-demolition parity measurements L. Sun, A. Petrenko, Z. Leghtas, B. Vlastakis, G. Kirchmair + et al. The quantized changes in the photon number parity of a microwave cavity can be tracked on a short enough timescale, and with sufficiently little interfe. Hardcover.

Condition: Gut. comment Non-communicable diseases: Healthy living needs global governance Lawrence O. Gostin calls for action on nutrition, pollution and the built environment to curb non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and cancer. History: Fifty years of EMBO Georgina Ferry reflects on the evolution of the European Molecular Biology Organization, founded to help Europe to compete with the United States. Summer books As the wild blue yonder beckons and labs and classrooms empty, Nature, s regular reviewers share their holiday reads. Summer books Review Top Metabolism of stromal and immune cells in health and disease Bart Ghesquière, Brian W. Wong, Anna Kuchnio & Peter Carmeliet This Review discusses stromal and immune cell metabolism and its implications for health and disease. Articles Top Abnormalities in human pluripotent cells due to reprogramming mechanisms Hong Ma, Robert Morey, Ryan C. O, Neil, Yupeng He, Brittany Daughtry + et al. Genome-wide analysis of matched human IVF embryonic stem cells (IVF ES cells), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) and nuclear transfer ES cells (NT ES cells) derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) reveals that human somatic cells can be faithfully reprogrammed to pluripotency by SCNT, NT ES cells and iPS cells derived from the same somatic cells contain comparable numbers of de novo copy number variations, but whereas DNA methylation and transcriptome profiles of NT ES cells and IVF ES cells are similar, iPS cells have residual patterns typical of parental somatic cells. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor control of a disease tolerance defence pathway Alban Bessede, Marco Gargaro, Maria T. Pallotta, Davide Matino, Giuseppe Servillo + et al. Initial exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces endotoxin tolerance, which reduces immunological reactions to LPS, here it is shown that primary LPS challenge is controlled by AhR, TDO2 and IL-10, whereas sustained effects require AhR, IDO1 and TGF- , allowing for disease tolerance with reduced immunopathology in infections. NMDA receptor structures reveal subunit arrangement and pore architecture Chia-Hsueh Lee, Wei Lü, Jennifer Carlisle Michel, April Goehring, Juan Du + et al. X-ray crystal structures are presented of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, a calcium-permeable ion channel that opens upon binding of glutamate and glycine, glutamate is a key excitatory neurotransmitter and enhanced structural insight of this receptor may aid development of therapeutic small molecules. See also News & Views by Stroebel & Paoletti Letters Top Non-local propagation of correlations in quantum systems with long-range interactions Philip Richerme, Zhe-Xuan Gong, Aaron Lee, Crystal Senko, Jacob Smith + et al. Trapped ions are used to determine the speed of propagation of correlations and the causal region to which they are confined in quantum many-body systems with medium- and long-range spin interactions. Quasiparticle engineering and entanglement propagation in a quantum many-body system P. Jurcevic, B. P. Lanyon, P. Hauke, C. Hempel, P. Zoller + et al. The fine control afforded by trapped atomic ions is used to explore experimentally how the range of interactions between the ions influences the spreading of information in quantum many-body systems. An optoelectronic framework enabled by low-dimensional phase-change films Peiman Hosseini, C. David Wright & Harish Bhaskaran Here stable colour changes induced by solid-state electrical switching of ultrathin films of a germanium antimony telluride alloy are demonstrated, adding to its established uses in data storage, possible applications include flexible and transparent displays. Quantification of dissolved iron sources to the North Atlantic Ocean Tim M. Conway & Seth G. John A high-resolution oceanic section of dissolved iron stable isotope ratios reveals that the primary source of dissolved iron to the North Atlantic is atmospheric dust, while seafloor sediments and submarine volcanic vents also contribute significantly. Strong contributions of local background climate to urban heat islands Lei Zhao, Xuhui Lee, Ronald B. Smith & Keith Oleson Climate modelling is used to show that for cities across North America, geographic variations in daytime urban heat islands that is, the temperature differences between urban and adjacent rural areas are largely explained by variations in the efficiency with which those areas convect heat to the lower atmosphere. Cooperating with the future Oliver P. Hauser, David G. Rand, Alexander Peysakhovich & Martin A. Nowak An intergenerational cooperation game has been developed to study decision-making regarding resource use: when decisions about resource extraction were made individually the resource was rapidly depleted by a minority of defectors, the resource was sustainably maintained across generations, however, when decisions were made democratically by voting. Amphibians acquire resistance to live and dead fungus overcoming fungal immunosuppression Taegan A. McMahon, Brittany F. Sears, Matthew D. Venesky, Scott M. Bessler, Jenise M. Brown + et al. The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been implicated in the decline of a large number of amphibian species, here it is shown that frogs can learn to avoid the pathogen, acquire resistance to it and be immunized against it using dead pathogen, findings that potentially offer a way in which resistant populations could be reintroduced into areas that have seen catastrophic declines. A dynamic model of bovine tuberculosis spread and control in Great Britain Ellen Brooks-Pollock, Gareth O. Roberts & Matt J. Keeling Bovine tuberculosis is a major economic burden on the cattle industry, and attempts to control it have been politically controversial, here farm movement and bovine tuberculosis incidence data are used to construct a mechanistic model and tease apart the factors contributing to epidemic bovine tuberculosis spread. Horizontal genome transfer as an asexual path to. Hardcover.

Condition: Gut. Struggle for independence The faculty of the Scripps Research Institute is bucking a national trend with its refusal to merge with the University of Southern California. Within reach A redoubling of efforts should swiftly eradicate polio from its last strongholds. Food for thought Researchers investigating different farming practices should not have to pick sides. World View Top Misjudgements will drive social trials underground A Facebook study that manipulated news feeds was not definitively unethical and offered valuable insight into social behaviour, says Michelle Meyer. Research Highlights Top Agriculture: Global warming could hurt crops Planetary science: Titan, s sea is super salty Cancer: Roving tumour cells tracked down Ecology: Ocean reserves miss key target Neurodegeneration: Antibodies fight Parkinson, s Applied physics: Phone powers electronic label Vision: Prism of the eye guides light Virology: What makes HIV fit to spread Cognition: Chimp intelligence partly inherited The week in science: Smallpox found in fridge, HIV-rebound dashes hope of cure , and scandal over faked peer review. News in Focus Quantum-hub finalists picked No Alt text available for this image UK government considers eight proposals for up to six research centres. Katia Moskvitch Landslide risks rise up agenda No Alt text available for this image Forum on deadly natural phenomena discusses use of simulation and hazard-mapping technologies. Jane Qiu Scripps merger fiasco highlights US funding woes No Alt text available for this image Other independent biomedical research institutions have turned to private benefactors. Erika Check Hayden Charity begins at CERN No Alt text available for this image Particle-physics lab sets up fund for extras as other big institutes mull similar move. Elizabeth Gibney Correction Features Top Physics: Wave of the future No Alt text available for this image After two decades and more than half a billion dollars, LIGO, the world, s largest gravitational-wave observatory, is on the verge of a detection. Maybe. Alexandra Witze Weight-loss surgery: A gut-wrenching question No Alt text available for this image Gastric-bypass surgery can curb obesity as well as diabetes and a slew of other problems. Researchers are now trying to find out how it works. Virginia Hughes comment Infectious disease: Polio eradication hinges on child health in Pakistan Boosting basic medical services and routine immunizations not travel vaccinations is the key to ending polio worldwide, says Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta. Psychological treatments: A call for mental-health science Clinicians and neuroscientists must work together to understand and improve psychological treatments, urge Emily A. Holmes, Michelle G. Craske and Ann M. Graybiel. Books and Arts Top History of medicine: Typhus and tyranny Tilli Tansey ponders a turbulent history of vaccine research in Nazi-occupied Europe. Review of The Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl: How Two Brave Scientists Battled Typhus and Sabotaged the Nazis Arthur Allen research News & Views Top High-pressure physics: Piling on the pressure Chris J. Pickard & Richard J. Needs Ecology: Pesticides linked to bird declines Dave Goulson Astrophysics: Survival of the largest Haley Gomez Neurobiology: Keeping a lid on it Gina Turrigiano Cancer: Sugar-coated cell signalling Andrew J. Ewald & Mikala Egeblad Materials science: A superelastic organic crystal Tomiki Ikeda & Toru Ube 50 & 100 Years Ago Stem cells: Reprogramming finds its niche Daniel Lucas & Paul S. Frenette Analysis Top A deep crust mantle boundary in the asteroid 4 Vesta Harold Clenet, Martin Jutzi, Jean-Alix Barrat, Erik I. Asphaug, Willy Benz + et al. Data on Vesta s surface material provided by the Dawn probe and impacts modelling reveals that Vesta s crust mantle boundary must be deeper than 80 kilometres below the surface. Articles Top Genetics of ecological divergence during speciation Matthew E. Arnegard, Matthew D. McGee, Blake Matthews, Kerry B. Marchinko, Gina L. Conte + et al. Traits responsible for recent niche divergence between sympatric threespine stickleback species are subjected to forward genetic analysis, additive variation at several loci across the genome accounts for most of the genetic basis of ecological divergence, with a further role for epistatic interactions that disadvantage hybrids. Reprogramming human endothelial cells to haematopoietic cells requires vascular induction Vladislav M. Sandler, Raphael Lis, Ying Liu, Alon Kedem, Daylon James + et al. This study describes the conversion of human fetal and adult vascular endothelial cells into engraftable haematopoietic progenitors by transduction with some transcription factors and then culture on a vascular niche feeder layer, the haematopoietic progenitors may be useful for the generation of engraftable healthy and long-lasting haematopoietic cells for treatment of inherited and acquired blood disorders. The cancer glycocalyx mechanically primes integrin-mediated growth and survival Matthew J. Paszek, Christopher C. DuFort, Olivier Rossier, Russell Bainer, Janna K. Mouw + et al. Metastatic cancer cells are shown to have a tendency towards forming a bulky glycocalyx owing to the production of large glycoproteins, and this cancer-associated glycocalyx has a mechanical effect on the spatial organization of integrins by funnelling integrins into adhesions, integrin clustering and signalling is promoted, which leads to enhanced cell survival and proliferation. Rapid formation of large dust grains in the luminous supernova 2010jl Christa Gall, Jens Hjorth, Darach Watson, Eli Dwek, Justyn R. Maund + et al. The formation of dust in the dense circumstellar medium of the bright supernova 2010jl is at first rapid and produces very large grains, which resist destruction, whereas later the dust production rate increases, meaning its source is ejecta, this links early and late dust mass evolution in supernovae with dense circumstellar media. See also News. Hardcover.

Condition: Gut. comment Energy: Consider the global impacts of oil pipelines Debates over oil-sands infrastructure obscure a broken policy process that overlooks broad climate, energy and environment issues, warn Wendy J. Palen and colleagues. Physics: Bell s theorem still reverberates Fifty years ago, John Bell made metaphysics testable, but quantum scientists still dispute the implications. Howard Wiseman proposes a way forward. Bibliometrics: The citation game Jonathan Adams takes the measure of the uses and misuses of scholarly impact. Review of Beyond Bibliometrics: Harnessing Multidimensional Indicators of Scholarly Impact Eds Blaise Cronin & Cassidy R. Sugimoto Space science: Lunar star Roger D. Launius is perplexed by a biography of Neil Armstrong that profiles the missions, not the man. Review of Neil Armstrong: A Life of Flight Jay Barbree Forum Nuclear-weapons dismantlement: Identifying a hidden warhead John Finney & James M. Acton See also Article by Glaser et al. Antibiotic resistance: To the rescue of old drugs Djalal Meziane-Cherif & Patrice Courvalin See also Article by King et al. Fundamental constants: A cool way to measure big G Stephan Schlamminger See also Letter by Rosi et al. Structural biology: Wobble puts RNA on target Oscar Vargas-Rodriguez & Karin Musier-Forsyth See also Article by Naganuma et al. Applied physics: Trawling for complements J. Marty Gregg & Amit Kumar Structural biology: Enzyme assembly line pictured Peter F. Leadlay See also Article by Dutta et al. See alsoReview Top An overview of N-heterocyclic carbenes Matthew N. Hopkinson, Christian Richter, Michael Schedler & Frank Glorius N-heterocyclic carbenes are powerful tools in organic chemistry, with many commercially important applications, this overview describes their properties and potential uses. Articles Top A zero-knowledge protocol for nuclear warhead verification Alexander Glaser, Boaz Barak & Robert J. Goldston Future rounds of nuclear arms control would ideally involve direct inspection of nuclear warheads using procedures that give inspectors high confidence about the authenticity of submitted nuclear items yet give no information about their design, this is now shown to be achievable using zero-knowledge protocols in neutron imaging of nuclear warheads. See also News & Views by Finney & Acton Aspergillomarasmine A overcomes metallo- -lactamase antibiotic resistance Andrew M. King, Sarah A. Reid-Yu, Wenliang Wang, Dustin T. King, Gianfranco De Pascale + et al. The emergence of Gram-negative pathogens resistant to carbapenem antibiotics is a global health concern and carbapenem resistance often arises through acquisition of -lactamase enzymes, this study identifies the natural fungal product aspergillomarasmine A as a metallo- -lactamase inhibitor and a potential treatment to tackle carbapenem resistance. See also News & Views by Meziane-Cherif & Courvalin The selective tRNA aminoacylation mechanism based on a single G U pair Masahiro Naganuma, Shun-ichi Sekine, Yeeting Esther Chong, Min Guo, Xiang-Lei Yang + et al. X-ray crystal structures of a tRNA synthetase bound to wild-type and mutant alanine tRNAs reveal the structural basis for selectivity. See also News & Views by Vargas-Rodriguez & Musier-Forsyth Structure of a modular polyketide synthase Somnath Dutta, Jonathan R. Whicher, Douglas A. Hansen, Wendi A. Hale, Joseph A. Chemler + et al. Polyketide synthases are multidomain enzymes that produce polyketides, which form the basis of many therapeutic agents, here, electron cryo-microscopy is used to establish the structure of a bacterial full-length module, and to elucidate the structural basis of both intramodule and intermodule substrate transfer. See also News & Views by Leadlay Letters Top Precision measurement of the Newtonian gravitational constant using cold atoms G. Rosi, F. Sorrentino, L. Cacciapuoti, M. Prevedelli & G. M. Tino Determination of the gravitational constant G using laser-cooled atoms and quantum interferometry, a technique that gives new insight into the systematic errors that have proved elusive in previous experiments, yields a value that has a relative uncertainty of 150 parts per million and which differs from the current recommended value by 1.5 combined standard deviations. See also News & Views by Schlamminger Chirality-specific growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes on solid alloy catalysts Feng Yang, Xiao Wang, Daqi Zhang, Juan Yang, Da Luo + et al. Single-walled carbon nanotubes of a single chirality can be produced with an abundance of more than 92 per cent when using tungsten-based bimetallic alloy nanocrystals as catalysts. South Greenland ice-sheet collapse during Marine Isotope Stage 11 Alberto V. Reyes, Anders E. Carlson, Brian L. Beard, Robert G. Hatfield, Joseph S. Stoner + et al. The isotopic composition of glacial sediment discharged into the ocean from south Greenland is used to identify a major reduction in the amount of that sediment derived from erosion of Greenland s Precambrian bedrock, probably indicating the cessation of subglacial erosion and sediment transport during Marine Isotope Stage 11 as a result of the almost complete deglaciation of south Greenland. Purkinje-cell plasticity and cerebellar motor learning are graded by complex-spike duration Yan Yang & Stephen G. Lisberger Recordings from monkeys during motor learning suggest that durations of complex-spike (CS) responses to climbing-fibre inputs are meaningful signals correlated across the Purkinje-cell population during motor learning, longer climbing-fibre bursts lead to longer-duration CS responses, larger synaptic depression and stronger learning, thus forming a graded instruction. Human oocytes reprogram adult somatic nuclei of a type 1 diabetic to diploid pluripotent stem cells Mitsutoshi Yamada, Bjarki Johannesson, Ido Sagi, Lisa Cole Burnett, Daniel H. Kort + et al. Here human embryonic stem cell lines are derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer from cells of a newborn and from ski. Hardcover.

Condition: Gut. comment Stem cells: Taking a stand against pseudoscience Elena Cattaneo and Gilberto Corbellini are among the academics working to protect patients from questionable stem-cell therapies. Here, they share their experiences and opinions of the long, hard fight for evidence to prevail. Regulation: Sell help not hope Stem cells are being used as a wedge in calls to allow unproven medical interventions onto the market, warn Paolo Bianco and Douglas Sipp. Books and Arts Top Evolution: The complexity chronicles Nancy Moran enjoys a treatise on symbiosis the intimate association of species that transformed life and Earth. Review of One Plus One Equals One: Symbiosis and the Evolution of Complex Life John Archibald Articles Top Contextuality supplies the magic for quantum computation Mark Howard, Joel Wallman, Victor Veitch & Joseph Emerson Quantum computing promises advantages over classical computing for certain problems, now quantum contextuality a generalization of the concept of quantum non-locality is shown to be a critical resource that gives the most promising class of quantum computers their power. See also News & Views by Bartlett The genome of Eucalyptus grandisOpen Alexander A. Myburg, Dario Grattapaglia, Gerald A. Tuskan, Uffe Hellsten, Richard D. Hayes + et al. The Eucalyptus grandis genome has been sequenced, revealing the greatest number of tandem duplications of any plant genome sequenced so far, and the highest diversity of genes for specialized metabolites that act as chemical defence and provide unique pharmaceutical oils, genome sequencing of the sister species E. globulus and a set of inbred E. grandis tree genomes reveals dynamic genome evolution and hotspots of inbreeding depression. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals dynamic paracrine control of cellular variation Alex K. Shalek, Rahul Satija, Joe Shuga, John J. Trombetta, Dave Gennert + et al. Large-scale single-cell RNA-seq of stimulated primary mouse bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells highlights positive and negative intercellular signalling pathways that promote and restrain cellular variation. The mitochondrial deubiquitinase USP30 opposes parkin-mediated mitophagy Baris Bingol, Joy S. Tea, Lilian Phu, Mike Reichelt, Corey E. Bakalarski + et al. Damaged mitochondria are removed by mitophagy, and defects in mitophagy are linked to Parkinson s disease, here it is shown that USP30, a deubiquitinase localized to mitochondria, antagonizes mitophagy by removing the ubiquitin tags put in place by Parkin, USP30 inhibition is therefore potentially beneficial for Parkinson s disease by promoting mitochondrial clearance and quality control. See also News & Views by Ordureau & Harper Letters Top Measurement of the magnetic interaction between two bound electrons of two separate ions Shlomi Kotler, Nitzan Akerman, Nir Navon, Yinnon Glickman & Roee Ozeri The magnetic interaction between two electrons is measured at the micrometre scale, exhibiting spin entanglement generation over 15 seconds of coherent evolution, varying the inter-electron separation shows a distance dependence consistent with the inverse-cube law. See also News & Views by Schmidt-Kaler Ultrafast X-ray probing of water structure below the homogeneous ice nucleation temperature J. A. Sellberg, C. Huang, T. A. McQueen, N. D. Loh, H. Laksmono + et al. Femtosecond X-ray laser pulses are used to probe the structure of liquid water in micrometre-sized droplets that have been cooled below the homogeneous ice nucleation temperature, revealing the existence of metastable bulk liquid water down to temperatures of 227 kelvin. Metastable liquid liquid transition in a molecular model of water Jeremy C. Palmer, Fausto Martelli, Yang Liu, Roberto Car, Athanassios Z. Panagiotopoulos + et al. A stable crystal phase and two metastable liquid phases of the ST2 model of water exist at the same deeply supercooled condition, and the two liquids undergo a first-order liquid liquid transition that meets stringent thermodynamic criteria. Possible control of subduction zone slow-earthquake periodicity by silica enrichment Pascal Audet & Roland Bürgmann Seismic data from subduction zones that exhibit slow earthquakes reveal that the ratio of compressional-wave to shear-wave velocity of the overriding forearc crust is linearly related to the average recurrence time of slow earthquakes and that this may be associated with quartz enrichment within the forearc crust. mTORC1 controls the adaptive transition of quiescent stem cells from G0 to GAlert Joseph T. Rodgers, Katherine Y. King, Jamie O. Brett, Melinda J. Cromie, Gregory W. Charville + et al. A mouse study reveals that the stem cell quiescent state is composed of two distinct phases, G0 and GAlert, stem cells reversibly transition between these two phases in response to systemic environmental stimuli acting through the mTORC1 pathway. The metabolite -ketoglutarate extends lifespan by inhibiting ATP synthase and TOR Randall M. Chin, Xudong Fu, Melody Y. Pai, Laurent Vergnes, Heejun Hwang + et al. Ageing in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans is shown to be delayed by supplementation with -ketoglutarate, an effect that is probably mediated by ATP synthase which is identified as a direct target of -ketoglutarate and target of rapamycin (TOR). PTEN action in leukaemia dictated by the tissue microenvironment Cornelius Miething, Claudio Scuoppo, Benedikt Bosbach, Iris Appelmann, Joy Nakitandwe + et al. A mouse model of T-cell leukaemia is used to test whether PTEN loss is required for tumour maintenance as well as initiation, although it had little effect on tumour load in haematopoietic organs, PTEN reactivation reduced the CCR9-dependent tumour dissemination to the intestine that was amplified on PTEN loss, exposing the importance of tumour microenvironment in PTEN-deficient settings. Inactivation of PI(3)K p110 breaks regulatory T-cell-mediated immune tolerance to cancer Khaled Ali, Dalya R. Soond, Roberto Piñeiro, Thorsten Hagemann, Wayne Pearce + e. Hardcover.

Condition: Gut. Biogeochemistry: Microbes eat rock under ice Martyn Tranter See also Letter by Christner et al. Developmental biology: It takes muscle to make blood cells Suphansa Sawamiphak & Didier Y. R. Stainier See also Letter by Nguyen et al. See also Letter by Kobayashi et al. Earth science: Warning signs of the Iquique earthquake Roland Bürgmann See also Letter by Hayes et al. See also Letter by Schurr et al. Palaeoanthropology: The time of the last Neanderthals William Davies See also Letter by Higham et al. Molecular physics: Complexity trapped by simplicity Francesca Ferlaino See also Letter by Barry et al. Population history: Human melting pots in southeast Asia Jared Diamond Ribosomal frameshifting in the CCR5 mRNA is regulated by miRNAs and the NMD pathway Ashton Trey Belew, Arturas Meskauskas, Sharmishtha Musalgaonkar, Vivek M. Advani, Sergey O. Sulima + et al. Programmed 1 ribosomal frameshifting ( 1 PRF) is a process by which a signal in a messenger RNA causes a translating ribosome to shift by one nucleotide, thus changing the reading frame, here 1 PRF in the mRNA for the co-receptor for HIV-1, CCR5, is stimulated by two microRNAs and leads to degradation of the transcript by nonsense-mediated decay and at least one other decay pathway. Crystal structure of a human GABAA receptor Paul S. Miller & A. Radu Aricescu GABAA receptors are the principal mediators of rapid inhibitor synaptic transmission in the brain, and a decline in GABAA signalling leads to diseases including epilepsy, insomnia, anxiety and autism, here, the first X-ray crystal structure of a human GABAA receptor, the human 3 homopentamer, reveals structural features unique for this receptor class and uncovers the locations of key disease-causing mutations. X-ray structure of the mouse serotonin 5-HT3 receptor Ghérici Hassaine, Cédric Deluz, Luigino Grasso, Romain Wyss, Menno B. Tol + et al. The first X-ray crystal structure of the mouse serotonin 5-HT3 receptor, a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel, is similar to those of other Cys-loop receptors though here electron density for part of the cytoplasmic domain, which is important for trafficking, synaptic localization, and modulation by cytoplasmic proteins, but not visible in previous structures, is also described. Letters Top Interacting supernovae from photoionization-confined shells around red supergiant stars Jonathan Mackey, Shazrene Mohamed, Vasilii V. Gvaramadze, Rubina Kotak, Norbert Langer + et al. A model in which the stellar wind of the fast-moving red supergiant Betelgeuse is photoionized by radiation from external sources can explain the dense, almost static shell recently discovered around the star, and predicts both that debris from Betelgeuse s eventual supernova explosion will violently collide with the shell and that other red supergiants should have similar, but much more massive, shells. Magneto-optical trapping of a diatomic molecule J. F. Barry, D. J. McCarron, E. B. Norrgard, M. H. Steinecker & D. DeMille Magneto-optical trapping is the standard method for laser cooling and confinement of atomic gases but now this technique has been demonstrated for the diatomic molecule strontium monofluoride, leading to the lowest temperature yet achieved by cooling a molecular gas. See also News & Views by Ferlaino Abrupt glacial climate shifts controlled by ice sheet changes Xu Zhang, Gerrit Lohmann, Gregor Knorr & Conor Purcell The volume of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheet controlled abrupt millennial-scale climate changes during the last glacial. Continuing megathrust earthquake potential in Chile after the 2014 Iquique earthquake Gavin P. Hayes, Matthew W. Herman, William D. Barnhart, Kevin P. Furlong, Sebástian Riquelme + et al. The 2014 Iquique event was not the earthquake that had been expected to fill the regional seismic gap, given that significant sections of the northern Chile subduction zone have not ruptured in almost 150 years, it is likely that future megathrust earthquakes will occur south and potentially north of the 2014 Iquique sequence. See also News & Views by Bürgmann See also Letter by Schurr et al. Gradual unlocking of plate boundary controlled initiation of the 2014 Iquique earthquake Bernd Schurr, Günter Asch, Sebastian Hainzl, Jonathan Bedford, Andreas Hoechner + et al. A long foreshock series unlocked the South American plate boundary until eventually initiating the M 8.1 Iquique, Chile, earthquake. See also News & Views by Bürgmann See also Letter by Hayes et al. Dietary specializations and diversity in feeding ecology of the earliest stem mammals Pamela G. Gill, Mark A. Purnell, Nick Crumpton, Kate Robson Brown, Neil J. Gostling + et al. Differences in function and dietary ecology between Morganucodon and Kuehneotherium show that lineage splitting during the earliest stages of mammalian evolution was associated with ecomorphological specialization and niche partitioning. The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance Tom Higham, Katerina Douka, Rachel Wood, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Fiona Brock + et al. Accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating is used to construct a chronology of Neanderthal disappearance, showing that Neanderthals overlapped with anatomically modern humans for between about 2,000 and 5,000 years. See also News & Views by Davies A microbial ecosystem beneath the West Antarctic ice sheet Brent C. Christner, John C. Priscu, Amanda M. Achberger, Carlo Barbante, Sasha P. Carter + et al. There has been active debate over microbial life in Antarctic subglacial lakes owing to a paucity of direct observations from beneath the ice sheet and concerns about contamination in the samples that do exist, here the authors present the first geomicrobiological description of pristine water and surficial sediments from Subglacial Lake Whillans, and show that the lake water contains a diverse microbial community, many members of which are closely related to chemolithoautotrophic bacteria and archaea. See. Hardcover.

Condition: Gut. Society: Don, t blame the mothers Careless discussion of epigenetic research on how early life affects health across generations could harm women, warn Sarah S. Richardson and colleagues. Books and Arts Top History of engineering: Wonder maker Andrew Robinson delves into a study inspired by James Watt, s fascinating workshop. Review of James Watt: Making the World Anew Ben Russell Books in brief Barbara Kiser reviews five of the week s best science picks. Neuroscience: What females really want Leslie C. Griffith Solar system: Sandcastles in space Daniel J. Scheeres See also Letter by Rozitis et al. Ageing: Old blood stem cells feel the stress Jiri Bartek & Zdenek Hodny See also Letter by Flach et al. Condensed-matter physics: Glasses made from pure metals Jan Schroers See also Letter by Zhong et al. Cancer: One cell at a time Edward J. Fox & Lawrence A. Loeb See also Article by Wang et al. Astronomical instrumentation: Atmospheric blurring has a new enemy Brent Ellerbroek Structural biology: Corralling a protein-degradation regulator Raymond J. Deshaies See also Article by Lingaraju et al. Limits on fundamental limits to computation Igor L. Markov To evaluate the promise of potential computing technologies, this review examines a wide range of fundamental limits, such as to performance, power consumption, size and cost, from the device level to the system level. Articles Top Clonal evolution in breast cancer revealed by single nucleus genome sequencing Yong Wang, Jill Waters, Marco L. Leung, Anna Unruh, Whijae Roh + et al. To investigate genomic diversity within tumours, a new type of whole-genome and exome single cell sequencing has been developed using G2/M nuclei, the technique was used to sequence single nuclei from an oestrogen-positive breast cancer and a triple-negative ductal carcinoma aneuploidy rearrangements emerged as early events in tumour formation and then point mutations evolved gradually over time. See also News & Views by Fox & Loeb Crystal structure of the human COP9 signalosome Gondichatnahalli M. Lingaraju, Richard D. Bunker, Simone Cavadini, Daniel Hess, Ulrich Hassiepen + et al. The COP9 signalosome (CSN) complex regulates cullin RING E3 ubiquitin ligases the largest class of ubiquitin ligase enzymes, which are involved in a multitude of regulatory processes, here, the crystal structure of the entire human CSN holoenzyme is presented. See also News & Views by Deshaies Three-dimensional structure of human -secretase Peilong Lu, Xiao-chen Bai, Dan Ma, Tian Xie, Chuangye Yan + et al. The three-dimensional structure of intact human -secretase complex at 4.5 Å resolution is revealed by cryo-electron-microscopy single-particle analysis, the complex comprises a horseshoe-shaped transmembrane domain containing 19 transmembrane segments, and a large extracellular domain from nicastrin, which sits immediately above the hollow space formed by the horseshoe. Letters Top The origin of the local 1/4-keV X-ray flux in both charge exchange and a hot bubble M. Galeazzi, M. Chiao, M. R. Collier, T. Cravens, D. Koutroumpa + et al. The contribution of solar-wind ions exchanging electrons with helium and hydrogen near the Sun is shown to be only about 40 per cent of the 1/4-keV X-ray flux observed in the Galactic plane, this supports the existence of a local hot bubble filled with X-ray-emitting gas, accounting for the rest of the flux. Cohesive forces prevent the rotational breakup of rubble-pile asteroid (29075) 1950 DA Ben Rozitis, Eric MacLennan & Joshua P. Emery Modelling and observations of the kilometre-sized asteroid (29075) 1950 DA reveal it to be a rubble pile that is rotating faster than is allowed by gravity and friction, cohesive forces such as those in lunar regolith are required to prevent it breaking up. See also News & Views by Scheeres Formation of monatomic metallic glasses through ultrafast liquid quenching Li Zhong, Jiangwei Wang, Hongwei Sheng, Ze Zhang & Scott X. Mao Metallic liquids of single elements have been successfully vitrified to their glassy states by achieving an ultrafast quenching rate in a new experimental design, of which the process has been monitored and studied by a combination of in situ transmission electron microscopy and atoms-to-continuum computer modelling. See also News & Views by Schroers The tidal rotational shape of the Moon and evidence for polar wander Ian Garrick-Bethell, Viranga Perera, Francis Nimmo & Maria T. Zuber Analysis of the Moon, s topography reveals that when its largest basins are removed, the lunar shape is consistent with processes controlled by early Earth tides, and implies a reorientation of the Moon, s principal shape axes. Neuropsychosocial profiles of current and future adolescent alcohol misusers Robert Whelan, Richard Watts, Catherine A. Orr, Robert R. Althoff, Eric Artiges + et al. Many factors have been proposed as contributors to risk of alcohol abuse, but quantifying their influence has been difficult, here a longitudinal study of a large sample of adolescents and machine learning are used to generate models of predictors of current and future alcohol abuse, assessing the relative contribution of many factors, including life history, individual personality differences, brain structure and genotype. A common Greenlandic TBC1D4 variant confers muscle insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes Ida Moltke, Niels Grarup, Marit E. Jørgensen, Peter Bjerregaard, Jonas T. Treebak + et al. An association mapping study of type-2-diabetes-related quantitative traits in the Greenlandic population identified a common variant in TBC1D4 that increases plasma glucose levels and serum insulin levels after an oral glucose load and type 2 diabetes risk, with effect sizes several times larger than any previous findings of large-scale genome-wide association studies for these traits. Altitude adaptation in Tibetans caused by introgression of Denisovan-like DNA Emilia Huerta-Sánchez, Xin Jin, Asan, Zhuoma Bianba, Benjamin M. Peter + e. Hardcover.

Condition: Gut. Polar research: Six priorities for Antarctic science Mahlon C. Kennicutt II, Steven L. Chown and colleagues outline the most pressing questions in southern polar research, and call for greater collaboration and environmental protection in the region. Books and Arts Top Culture: Artistic alchemy Philip Ball unveils the scientific iconography in Albrecht Dürer, s enigmatic engraving Melencolia I. Bias towards large genes in autism Shahar Shohat & Sagiv Shifman Zylka et al. reply Mark J. Zylka, Ben D. Philpot & Ian F. King Materials chemistry: Seeds of selective nanotube growth James M. Tour See also Letter by Sanchez-Valencia et al. Cancer: Directions for the drivers Greg Gibson See also Letter by Ongen et al. Neurodegeneration: Alzheimer, s disease under strain Adriano Aguzzi Astrophysics: Portrait of a doomed star Stephen Justham See also Letter by McCully et al. HIV: Early treatment may not be early enough Kai Deng & Robert F. Siliciano See also Letter by Whitney et al. Evolution: Tooth structure re-engineered Zhe-Xi Luo See also Article by Harjunmaa et al. Articles Top Convergence of terrestrial plant production across global climate gradients Sean T. Michaletz, Dongliang Cheng, Andrew J. Kerkhoff & Brian J. Enquist Net primary production is affected by temperature and precipitation, but whether this is a direct kinetic effect on plant metabolism or an indirect ecological effect mediated by changes in plant age, plant biomass or growing season length is unclear this study develops metabolic scaling theory to be able to answer this question and applies it to a global data set of plant productivity, concluding that it is indirect effects that explain the influence of climate on productivity, which is characterized by a common scaling relationship across climate gradients. Replaying evolutionary transitions from the dental fossil record Enni Harjunmaa, Kerstin Seidel, Teemu Häkkinen, Elodie Renvoisé, Ian J. Corfe + et al. Gradual changes that occur to mammalian tooth morphology across evolutionary time were modelled in vitro and in vivo by modulation of signalling pathways in the mouse, and computer modelling was used to provide further analysis of the parameters influencing tooth morphology. See also News & Views by Luo Structure of the DDB1 CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase in complex with thalidomide Eric S. Fischer, Kerstin Böhm, John R. Lydeard, Haidi Yang, Michael B. Stadler + et al. The crystal structures of thalidomide and its derivatives bound to the E3 ligase subcomplex DDB1 CRBN are shown, these drugs are found to have dual functions, interfering with the binding of certain cellular substrates to the E3 ligase but promoting the binding of others, thereby modulating the degradation of cellular proteins. Letters Top A luminous, blue progenitor system for the type Iax supernova 2012Z Curtis McCully, Saurabh W. Jha, Ryan J. Foley, Lars Bildsten, Wen-fai Fong + et al. The detection of the luminous, blue progenitor system of the type Iax supernova 2012Z suggests that this supernova was the explosion of a white dwarf accreting material from a helium-star companion. See also News & Views by Justham Tunable spin spin interactions and entanglement of ions in separate potential wells A. C. Wilson, Y. Colombe, K. R. Brown, E. Knill, D. Leibfried + et al. The ability of individual ions trapped in separate potential wells to simulate spin spin interactions is demonstrated by tuning the Coulomb interaction between two ions, independently controlling their local wells and entangling their internal states with a fidelity of approximately 0.82. Controlled synthesis of single-chirality carbon nanotubes Juan Ramon Sanchez-Valencia, Thomas Dienel, Oliver Gröning, Ivan Shorubalko, Andreas Mueller + et al. Present preparation methods fail to meet fully the demand for structurally pure single-walled carbon nanotubes, surface-catalysed cyclodehydrogenation reactions are now shown to convert precursor molecules deposited on a platinum(111) surface into ultrashort nanotube seeds that can then be grown further into defect-free and structurally pure single-walled carbon nanotubes of single chirality. See also News & Views by Tour A global ocean inventory of anthropogenic mercury based on water column measurements Carl H. Lamborg, Chad R. Hammerschmidt, Katlin L. Bowman, Gretchen J. Swarr, Kathleen M. Munson + et al. GEOTRACES sampling of deep water from the Atlantic, Pacific and Southern oceans allows an estimate of the amount (tripled in surface waters) and distribution (two-thirds increase in water less than a thousand metres deep) of anthropogenic mercury accumulating in the global ocean. Negative regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by A20 protects against arthritis Lieselotte Vande Walle, Nina Van Opdenbosch, Peggy Jacques, Amelie Fossoul, Eveline Verheugen + et al. Pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis depends critically on the NLRP3 inflammasome/interleukin-1 signalling axis. Rapid seeding of the viral reservoir prior to SIV viraemia in rhesus monkeys James B. Whitney, Alison L. Hill, Srisowmya Sanisetty, Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster, Jinyan Liu + et al. Reservoirs of virus infection represent the most important reason why HIV-1 cannot be cured with current antiretroviral drugs, now the refractory viral reservoir is shown to be seeded as early as 3 days after infection in a monkey model, even before the virus is detected in the blood. See also News & Views by Deng & Siliciano Neuropathy of haematopoietic stem cell niche is essential for myeloproliferative neoplasms Lorena Arranz, Abel Sánchez-Aguilera, Daniel Martín-Pérez, Joan Isern, Xavier Langa + et al. Myeloproliferative neoplasms are caused by mutations in the haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment, and here the authors show that the HSC niche contributes to the pathogenesis, sympathetic innervation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is reduced in the bone marrow of patients, which leads to reduced MSC numbers and increased mutant HSC expansion, and restor. Hardcover.

Condition: Gut. Public health: A sustainable plan for China, s drinking water Tackling pollution and using different grades of water for different tasks is more efficient than making all water potable, say Tao Tao and Kunlun Xin. Diversity: Energy studies need social science A broader pool of expertise is needed to understand how human behaviour affects energy demand and the uptake of technologies, says Benjamin K. Sovacool. Neuroscience: Looking-glass wars Patricia Smith Churchland welcomes a critique of the mirror-neuron theory linking brain and behaviour. Review of The Myth of Mirror Neurons: The Real Neuroscience of Communication and Cognition Gregory Hickok Palaeoclimate science: Causes and effects of Antarctic ice Dan Lunt See also Letter by Goldner et al. HIV: The mixed blessing of interferon Amalio Telenti See also Letter by Sandler et al. Quantum physics: The path most travelled Adrian Lupascu See also Letter by Weber et al. 50 & 100 Years ago Epigenetics: Cellular memory erased in human embryos Wolf Reik & Gavin Kelsey See also Letter by Smith et al. See also Letter by Guo et al. Articles Top Comprehensive molecular profiling of lung adenocarcinomaOpen The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network An integrated transcriptome, genome, methylome and proteome analysis of over 200 lung adenocarcinomas reveals high rates of somatic mutations, 18 statistically significantly mutated genes including RIT1 and MGA, splicing changes, and alterations in MAPK and PI(3)K pathway activity. Topoisomerase II mediates meiotic crossover interference Liangran Zhang, Shunxin Wang, Shen Yin, Soogil Hong, Keun P. Kim + et al. Topoisomerase II mediates meiotic crossover interference by adjusting the protein/DNA meshwork of chromosome axes. Structure of class C GPCR metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 transmembrane domain Andrew S. Doré, Krzysztof Okrasa, Jayesh C. Patel, Maria Serrano-Vega, Kirstie Bennett + et al. An X-ray structure is presented for metabotropic glutamate receptor 5, a class C G-protein-coupled glutamate receptor linked to fragile X syndrome and neurological disorders, this study provides insights into the protein s mechanism of action. Letters Top Velocity anti-correlation of diametrically opposed galaxy satellites in the low-redshift Universe Neil G. Ibata, Rodrigo A. Ibata, Benoit Famaey & Geraint F. Lewis Measurements of the velocities of pairs of diametrically opposed satellite galaxies of host galaxies in the local Universe show that satellite pairs out to a distance of 150 kiloparsecs from their hosts are anti-correlated in their velocities and that galaxies in the larger-scale environment are strongly clumped along the axis joining the inner satellite pair. Misaligned protoplanetary disks in a young binary star system Eric L. N. Jensen & Rachel Akeson Observations show that one or both of the protoplanetary disks in the young binary system HK Tauri are significantly inclined to the binary orbital plane, demonstrating that the necessary conditions exist for the misalignment-driven mechanisms thought to produce the unusual orbits of some extrasolar planets. Mapping the optimal route between two quantum states S. J. Weber, A. Chantasri, J. Dressel, A. N. Jordan, K. W. Murch + et al. Reconstruction of the quantum trajectories of a superconducting circuit that evolves under the competing influences of continuous weak measurement and Rabi drive makes it possible to deduce the most probable path through quantum state space. See also News & Views by Lupascu Antarctic glaciation caused ocean circulation changes at the Eocene Oligocene transition A. Goldner, N. Herold & M. Huber A climate model is used to show that the growth of the Antarctic ice sheet at about 34 Myr ago drove changes in ocean circulation, but the opening of ocean gateways had relatively little impact. See also News & Views by Lunt Widespread mixing and burial of Earth s Hadean crust by asteroid impacts S. Marchi, W. F. Bottke, L. T. Elkins-Tanton, M. Bierhaus, K. Wuennemann + et al. A new bombardment model of the early Earth, calibrated with existing lunar and terrestrial data, shows that the Earth s surface would have been widely reprocessed by impacts through mixing and burial by impact-generated melt, the model may also explain the age distribution of ancient zircons and the absence of early terrestrial rocks. Seasonal not annual rainfall determines grassland biomass response to carbon dioxide Mark J. Hovenden, Paul C. D. Newton & Karen E. Wills Large annual variation in the stimulation of above-ground biomass by elevated carbon dioxide in a mixed C3/C4 temperate grassland can be predicted accurately using seasonal rainfall totals. PTEX is an essential nexus for protein export in malaria parasites Brendan Elsworth, Kathryn Matthews, Catherine Q. Nie, Ming Kalanon, Sarah C. Charnaud + et al. This paper demonstrates that a protein complex known as PTEX translocates all malaria parasite proteins destined for export into the cytosol of their host red blood cell. See also News & Views by Desai & Miller See also Letter by Beck et al. PTEX component HSP101 mediates export of diverse malaria effectors into host erythrocytes Josh R. Beck, Vasant Muralidharan, Anna Oksman & Daniel E. Goldberg Plasmodium parasites, the causative agent of malaria, infect and remodel red blood cells by exporting hundreds of proteins into the red blood cell cytosol, a topological conundrum given that the parasite resides in a compartment known as the parasitophorous vacuole, here a dihydrofolate-reductase-based destabilization domain approach is used to inactivate HSP101, part of the Plasmodium translocon of exported proteins, and to demonstrate that it is required for the secretion of all classes of exported Plasmodium proteins. See also News & Views by Desai & Miller See also Letter by Elsworth et al. Equalizing excitation inhibition ratios across visual cortical neurons Mingshan Xue, Bassam V. Atallah & Massimo Scanziani Different amounts of excitation received by. Hardcover.

Condition: Gut. Agriculture: Engage farmers in research A new wave of small-scale agricultural innovation will boost yields and protect the planet, contend Tom MacMillan and Tim G. Benton. Policy: Regulate embryos made for research As technical barriers fall, the United States should adapt existing measures to govern the generation of human embryos for research, says Insoo Hyun. Science biography: A voyage round Newton Mordechai Feingold savours a study on how the fitful release of the scientist, s papers shaped his reputation. Review of The Newton Papers: The Strange and True Odyssey of Isaac Newton, s Manuscripts Sarah Dry Space policy: A clearer final frontier David Southwood finds that a study on safeguarding space is shorter on cooperation than conflict. Review of Crowded Orbits: Conflict and Cooperation in Space James Clay Moltz Ecology: Drought in the Congo Basin Jeffrey Q. Chambers & Dar A. Roberts See also Letter by Zhou et al. Applied physics: Bright electron twisters Jun Yuan Neuroscience: Feedback throttled down for smooth moves Stephen H. Scott & Frédéric Crevecoeur See also Article by Fink et al. Geophysics: Making the Earth move Rob L. Evans See also Letter by Sifré et al. 50 & 100 Years Ago Astronomy: A new spin on exoplanets Travis Barman See also Letter by Snellen et al. Articles Top Presynaptic inhibition of spinal sensory feedback ensures smooth movement Andrew J. P. Fink, Katherine R. Croce, Z. Josh Huang, L. F. Abbott, Thomas M. Jessell + et al. A population of spinal interneurons that form axo axonic connections with the terminals of proprioceptive afferents are shown to mediate presynaptic inhibition, their ablation elicits harmonic oscillations during goal-directed forelimb movements, which can be modelled as the consequence of an increase in sensory feedback gain. See also News & Views by Scott & Crevecoeur Haematopoietic stem cells require a highly regulated protein synthesis rate Robert A. J. Signer, Jeffrey A. Magee, Adrian Salic & Sean J. Morrison Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have a lower rate of protein synthesis in vivo than most other haematopoietic cells, and both increases and decreases in the rate of protein synthesis impair HSC function, demonstrating that HSC maintenance and hence, cellular homeostasis requires the rate of protein synthesis to be highly regulated. Developmental pathway for potent V1V2-directed HIV-neutralizing antibodies Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Chaim A. Schramm, Jason Gorman, Penny L. Moore, Jinal N. Bhiman + et al. A longitudinal study of an individual patient developing neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 (targeting the V1V2 region of gp120) reveals how such neutralizing antibodies develop and evolve over time, providing important insights relevant to vaccine development. Letters Top Fast spin of the young extrasolar planet Pictoris b Ignas A. G. Snellen, Bernhard R. Brandl, Remco J. de Kok, Matteo Brogi, Jayne Birkby + et al. Near-infrared spectroscopic observations of the young extrasolar planet Pictoris b indicate that it spins significantly faster than any planet in the Solar System, in line with the extrapolation of the known trend in spin velocity with planet mass. See also News & Views by Barman Molecular photons interfaced with alkali atoms Petr Siyushev, Guilherme Stein, Jörg Wrachtrup & Ilja Gerhardt Single organic dye molecules have high-flux, narrow-bandwidth single-photon emission and can be spectrally matched to the transitions of atoms acting as a quantum memory, making them promising for use in quantum information and communication schemes. Spontaneous transfer of chirality in an atropisomerically enriched two-axis system Kimberly T. Barrett, Anthony J. Metrano, Paul R. Rablen & Scott J. Miller An enantioselective reaction involving a molecule with two axes of stereochemical consequence produces four stereoisomers, and rather than racemizing as the system approaches equilibrium, one of the diastereomeric pairs drifts spontaneously to a higher enantiomeric ratio. North Atlantic forcing of tropical Indian Ocean climate Mahyar Mohtadi, Matthias Prange, Delia W. Oppo, Ricardo De Pol-Holz, Ute Merkel + et al. New sea surface temperature and oxygen isotope records, combined with climate modelling experiments, show that slowdowns of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during Heinrich stadials and the Younger Dryas stadial affected the tropical Indian Ocean hydroclimate through changes to the Hadley circulation. Electrical conductivity during incipient melting in the oceanic low-velocity zone David Sifré, Emmanuel Gardés, Malcolm Massuyeau, Leila Hashim, Saswata Hier-Majumder + et al. Determination of the electrical conductivity of carbon-dioxide- and water-rich melts, which are typically produced at the onset of mantle melting, shows that incipient melts can trigger the high electrical conductivities found in oceanic regions of the asthenosphere. See also News & Views by Evans Widespread decline of Congo rainforest greenness in the past decade Liming Zhou, Yuhong Tian, Ranga B. Myneni, Philippe Ciais, Sassan Saatchi + et al. The long-term drying trend in central African rainforests might help to explain satellite-detected large-scale vegetation browning in the Congolese forests. See also News & Views by Chambers & Roberts Identification of genomic alterations in oesophageal squamous cell cancer Yongmei Song, Lin Li, Yunwei Ou, Zhibo Gao, Enmin Li + et al. Using whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing, this study identifies eight significantly mutated genes in oesophageal squamous cell cancer, including two genes, ADAM29 and FAM135B, not previously associated with this cancer type. Cystathionine -lyase deficiency mediates neurodegeneration in Huntington s disease Bindu D. Paul, Juan I. Sbodio, Risheng Xu, M. Scott Vandiver, Jiyoung Y. Cha + et al. Cystathionine -lyase, which is responsible for the production of cysteine, is decreased in the striatum and cortex of mouse models of Huntington s disease and in patients with Hun. Hardcover.

Condition: Gut. Synthetic biology: How best to build a cell Experts weigh in on the biggest obstacles in synthetic biology from names to knowledge gaps and what it will take to overcome them. Society: Realizing China, s urban dream Local implementation and public scrutiny will make or break the government, s urbanization strategy, say Xuemei Bai, Peijun Shi and Yansui Liu. Books and Arts Top Developmental biology: Life in flux Renee Reijo Pera enjoys a treatise tracking the rise of embryology, from Aristotle to cloning and beyond. Review of Embryos Under the Microscope: The Diverging Meanings of Life Jane Maienschein Q&A: Canopy composer Sound artist Daniel Jones creates self-generating artworks based on human and natural patterns and processes. As he prepares to travel through four UK forests with the installation Living Symphonies, a collaboration with artist James Bulley, he talks about music that emerges from ecosystem dynamics, and works inspired by bacterial genetics and social networks. Review of Living Symphonies Daniel Jones & James Bulley Forum Synthetic biology: Engineering explored Pamela A. Silver, Jeffrey C. Way, Frances H. Arnold & Joseph T. Meyerowitz Climate science: The origin of regional Arctic warming Jürgen Bader See also Letter by Ding et al. Synthetic biology: Construction of a yeast chromosome Daniel G. Gibson & J. Craig Venter Cosmology: A virtual Universe Michael Boylan-Kolchin See also Article by Vogelsberger et al. Biodiversity: Supply and demand Arne O. Mooers See also Letter by Price et al. Ecology: Diversity in the afterlife Jennie R. McLaren See also Letter by Handa et al. Structural biology: Action at a distance in a light receptor Anna W. Baker & Katrina T. Forest See also Letter by Takala et al. Articles Top Properties of galaxies reproduced by a hydrodynamic simulation M. Vogelsberger, S. Genel, V. Springel, P. Torrey, D. Sijacki + et al. A simulation that starts 12 million years after the Big Bang and traces 13 billion years of cosmic evolution yields a reasonable population of elliptical and spiral galaxies, reproduces the observed distribution of galaxies in clusters and the characteristics of hydrogen on large scales, and at the same time matches the metal and hydrogen content of galaxies on small scales. See also News & Views by Boylan-Kolchin FXR is a molecular target for the effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy Karen K. Ryan, Valentina Tremaroli, Christoffer Clemmensen, Petia Kovatcheva-Datchary, Andriy Myronovych + et al. Bariatric surgical procedures, such as vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), are the most effective therapy for the treatment of obesity, now bile acids, and the presence of the nuclear bile acid receptor FXR, are shown to underpin the mechanism of VSG action, and the ability of VSG to reduce body weight and improve glucose tolerance is substantially reduced if FXR is absent. Astrocyte-encoded positional cues maintain sensorimotor circuit integrity Anna V. Molofsky, Kevin W. Kelley, Hui-Hsin Tsai, Stephanie A. Redmond, Sandra M. Chang + et al. Populations of astrocytes in the spinal cord are shown to express region-specific genes, with ventral astrocyte-encoded Sema3a necessary for proper motor neuron circuit organization and typical sensory afferent projection patterns, these findings suggest that astrocytes provide a positional cue for maintaining proper circuit formation and refinement. Synapse elimination and learning rules co-regulated by MHC class I H2-Db Hanmi Lee, Barbara K. Brott, Lowry A. Kirkby, Jaimie D. Adelson, Sarah Cheng + et al. This study reveals a role for the MHC class I molecule H2-Db in retinogeniculate synapse elimination, expression of this immune system molecule in neurons lacking it is sufficient to rescue proper synapse pruning, as well as the segregation of eye-specific circuits in mice. Letters Top Circular polarization in the optical afterglow of GRB 121024A K. Wiersema, S. Covino, K. Toma, A. J. van der Horst, K. Varela + et al. Circularly polarized light is unexpectedly detected in the afterglow of -ray burst GRB 121024A measured 0.15 days after the burst, and is shown to be intrinsic to the afterglow and unlikely to be produced by dust scattering or plasma propagation effects. Classical shear cracks drive the onset of dry frictional motion Ilya Svetlizky & Jay Fineberg The transition between static and dynamic friction in a model system is found to be quantitatively captured by the same theoretical framework as is used to describe brittle fracture, but deviations from this correspondence are observed as the rupture velocity approaches the speed at which sound waves propagate along the interface. Tropical forcing of the recent rapid Arctic warming in northeastern Canada and Greenland Qinghua Ding, John M. Wallace, David S. Battisti, Eric J. Steig, Ailie J. E. Gallant + et al. Human-induced climate change is usually assumed to be responsible for the dramatic thawing of glaciers since the mid 1990s in Greenland and northeastern Canada, approximately half of the observed warming in this region during this period is now found to be attributable to atmospheric circulation changes that may be of natural origin. See also News & Views by Bader Predicting biodiversity change and averting collapse in agricultural landscapes Chase D. Mendenhall, Daniel S. Karp, Christoph F. J. Meyer, Elizabeth A. Hadly & Gretchen C. Daily A new, holistic view of countryside biogeography is emerging for the world s human-modified habitats and the biodiversity they support. Consequences of biodiversity loss for litter decomposition across biomes I. Tanya Handa, Rien Aerts, Frank Berendse, Matty P. Berg, Andreas Bruder + et al. Field experiments across aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems show that biodiversity positively affects carbon and nitrogen cycling in leaf litter decomposition, indicating that reduced decomposition caused by biodiversity loss would modify the global carbon cycle and limit the nitrogen supply to the organisms at the bas. Hardcover.

Condition: Gut. Medical genomics: Gather and use genetic data in health care Research into how genetic variants can guide successful treatments must become part of routine medical practice and records, says Geoffrey Ginsburg. Books and Arts Top Natural history: A scientist, s eye Beatrix Potter, s meticulous artistry served mycology and entomology as well as children, s fiction, reveals Linda Lear. Medicine: The commodified body Scott Carney assesses a study of banked human blood, sperm and milk. Review of Banking on the Body: The Market in Blood, Milk, and Sperm in Modern America Kara W. Swanson Climate science: Stratospheric folly Tim Kruger examines an argument against injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to counter climate change. Review of Can Science Fix Climate Change? A Case Against Climate Engineering Mike Hulme Electrochemistry: Catalysis at the boundaries Aaron M. Appel See also Letter by Li et al. Sensory systems: Do you hear what I see? Ione Fine Infection biology: Nibbled to death Nancy Guillén See also Letter by Ralston et al. Genetics: The vital Y chromosome Andrew G. Clark See also Article by Cortez et al. See also Article by Bellott et al. 50 & 100 Years Ago Climate science: Sea levels from ancient seashells Ralph Schneider See also Article by Rohling et al. Reproductive biology: Sperm protein finds its mate Paul M. Wassarman See also Article by Bianchi et al. Letters Top Superconducting quantum circuits at the surface code threshold for fault tolerance R. Barends, J. Kelly, A. Megrant, A. Veitia, D. Sank + et al. A universal set of logic gates in a superconducting quantum circuit is shown to have gate fidelities at the threshold for fault-tolerant quantum computing by the surface code approach, in which the quantum bits are distributed in an array of planar topology and have only nearest-neighbour couplings. Electroreduction of carbon monoxide to liquid fuel on oxide-derived nanocrystalline copper Christina W. Li, Jim Ciston & Matthew W. Kanan The electrochemical conversion of CO and H2O into liquid fuel is made feasible at modest potentials with the use of oxide-derived nanocystalline Cu as the catalyst. See also News & Views by Appel Hybrid shallow on-axis and deep off-axis hydrothermal circulation at fast-spreading ridges Jörg Hasenclever, Sonja Theissen-Krah, Lars H. Rüpke, Jason P. Morgan, Karthik Iyer + et al. High-resolution three-dimensional simulations of hydrothermal flow beneath fast-spreading ridges predict two interacting flow components shallow on-axis flow and deeper off-axis flow that merge to feed axial vent sites, reconciling previously incompatible models favouring only one flow component. Plate tectonics, damage and inheritance David Bercovici & Yanick Ricard Lithospheric damage, combined with transient mantle flow and migrating proto-subduction, is proposed to explain the apparent emergence of plate tectonics three billion years ago, modelling confirms that tectonic plate boundaries and fully formed tectonic plates can arise under conditions characteristic of Earth but not of Venus. Herbivores and nutrients control grassland plant diversity via light limitation Elizabeth T. Borer, Eric W. Seabloom, Daniel S. Gruner, W. Stanley Harpole, Helmut Hillebrand + et al. Experimental data collected from 40 grasslands on 6 continents show that nutrients and herbivores can serve as counteracting forces to control local plant diversity, nutrient addition reduces local diversity through light limitation, and herbivory rescues diversity at sites where it alleviates light limitation. Eutrophication weakens stabilizing effects of diversity in natural grasslands Yann Hautier, Eric W. Seabloom, Elizabeth T. Borer, Peter B. Adler, W. Stanley Harpole + et al. Experimental eutrophication weakens the stabilizing effects of plant diversity on the productivity of natural grasslands. Trogocytosis by Entamoeba histolytica contributes to cell killing and tissue invasion Katherine S. Ralston, Michael D. Solga, Nicole M. Mackey-Lawrence, Somlata, Alok Bhattacharya + et al. Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of fatal diarrhoeal disease in children in the developing world, is shown here to kill human cells by biting off and ingesting pieces of cells, in a process reminiscent of the trogocytosis seen between immune cells, ingestion of bites is required for killing and this mechanism is used both in tissue culture and during invasion of intestinal explants. See also News & Views by Guillén Inhibition of miR-25 improves cardiac contractility in the failing heart Christine Wahlquist, Dongtak Jeong, Agustin Rojas-Muñoz, Changwon Kho, Ahyoung Lee + et al. Reduced activity of the calcium-transporting ATPase SERCA2a is a hallmark of heart failure, here, microRNAs that downregulate SERCA2a function are identified, and antagonism of one, miR-25, is shown to halt heart failure in mice. Foxc1 is a critical regulator of haematopoietic stem/progenitor cell niche formation Yoshiki Omatsu, Masanari Seike, Tatsuki Sugiyama, Tsutomu Kume & Takashi Nagasawa Transcription factor Foxc1 is a key regulator of haematopoietic stem/progenitor cell niche formation. Cell-cycle-regulated activation of Akt kinase by phosphorylation at its carboxyl terminus Pengda Liu, Michael Begley, Wojciech Michowski, Hiroyuki Inuzuka, Miriam Ginzberg + et al. Phosphorylation of Akt at its carboxy-terminal tail is an essential layer of Akt activation to regulate its physiological functions. Nectar secretion requires sucrose phosphate synthases and the sugar transporter SWEET9 I Winnie Lin, Davide Sosso, Li-Qing Chen, Klaus Gase, Sang-Gyu Kim + et al. Although nectar is known to be important, for example in plant insect interactions, little has been known about the mechanism of its secretion, sucrose phosphate synthases are now reported to be essential for the synthesis of the sucrose component of nectar and the transporter protein SWEET9 is shown to mediate sucrose export into the extracellular space of the nectary. Structure of. Hardcover.

Condition: Gut. Mental health: Depression needs large human-genetics studies To understand the molecular mechanisms of depression, collect genetic data from more than 100,000 people, says Steven Hyman. Infectious disease: Tough choices to reduce Ebola transmission Christopher J. M. Whitty and colleagues explain why the United Kingdom is funding many small community centres to isolate suspected cases in Sierra Leone. Film: Enigma variations Robert P. Crease ponders a brace of biopics on Alan Turing and Stephen Hawking. Review of The Imitation Game and The Theory of Everything Morten Tyldum & James Marsh Q&A: Space-time visionary Thanks to theoretical physicist Kip Thorne, real science is embedded in Christopher Nolan, s film Interstellar, in which explorers seek a new home for humankind. Thorne talks about what he learned from the film, s unprecedented visualizations of black holes and wormholes, what it and his accompanying book can teach, and the likelihood of humans escaping the Solar System. Review of Interstellar and The Science of Interstellar Christopher Nolan & Kip Thorne Books in brief Barbara Kiser reviews five of the week, s best science picks. Sickle-cell disease Lauren Gravitz & Stephen Pincock Epidemiology: A moving target Simon Pleasants Drug development: A complicated path Courtney Humphries Q&A: Healthy progress Smriti Mallapaty Neurobiology: Life beyond the pain Bianca Nogrady Perspective: We need a global solution Isaac Odame Gene therapy: Editorial control Katharine Gammon Stem cells: Creating a cure-all Andrew R. Scott Perspective: Thinking beyond survival Michael R. DeBaun Forum Depression: The best way forward Lisa M. Monteggia, Robert C. Malenka & Karl Deisseroth Condensed-matter physics: Magnetic fields without magnetic fields Jonathan Simon See also Letter by Jotzu et al. See also Letter by Roushan et al. Palaeontology: Mystery of the horrible hands solved Thomas R. Holtz Jr See also Letter by Lee et al. High-temperature superconductivity: Electron mirages in an iron salt Jan Zaanen See also Letter by Lee et al. Neurobiology: Building a bigger brain Forrest O. Gulden & Nenad estan See also Letter by Lui et al. Neuroscience: Towards unified vesicle endocytosis Vladan Lu i See also Article by Watanabe et al. Articles Top Synaptic, transcriptional and chromatin genes disrupted in autism Silvia De Rubeis, Xin He, Arthur P. Goldberg, Christopher S. Poultney, Kaitlin Samocha + et al. Whole-exome sequencing in a large autism study identifies over 100 autosomal genes that are likely to affect risk for the disorder, these genes, which show unusual evolutionary constraint against mutations, carry de novo loss-of-function mutations in over 5% of autistic subjects and many function in synaptic, transcriptional and chromatin-remodelling pathways. The contribution of de novo coding mutations to autism spectrum disorder Ivan Iossifov, Brian J. O Roak, Stephan J. Sanders, Michael Ronemus, Niklas Krumm + et al. Family-based exome sequencing in a large autism study has identified 27 high-confidence gene targets and accurately estimates the contribution of both de novo gene-disrupting and missense mutations to the incidence of simplex autism, with target genes in affected females overlapping those in males of lower but not higher IQ, targets also overlap known targets for intellectual disability and schizophrenia, and are enriched for chromatin modifiers, FMRP-associated genes and embryonically expressed genes. Evolution of mosquito preference for humans linked to an odorant receptor Carolyn S. McBride, Felix Baier, Aman B. Omondi, Sarabeth A. Spitzer, Joel Lutomiah + et al. The mosquito Aedes aegypti includes two subspecies, one of which shows a preference for biting humans, whereas the other prefers to bite non-human animals, genetic analysis reveals that changes in the mosquito odorant receptor Or4 contribute to the behavioural difference in human-preferring mosquitoes, Or4 is more highly expressed and more sensitive to sulcatone, a compound present at high levels in human odour. Clathrin regenerates synaptic vesicles from endosomes Shigeki Watanabe, Thorsten Trimbuch, Marcial Camacho-Pérez, Benjamin R. Rost, Bettina Brokowski + et al. Ultrastructural analysis of synaptic vesicle recycling reveals that clathrin is not required for the initial rapid step of vesicle recycling by ultrafast endocytosis at the plasma membrane and instead clathrin acts later at an endosome to regenerate synaptic vesicles, however, when ultrafast endocytosis does not occur (for example, in experiments at room temperature rather than physiological temperature), clathrin-mediated endocytosis does happen at the plasma membrane. See also News & Views by Lu i Letters Top The expanding fireball of Nova Delphini 2013 G. H. Schaefer, T. ten Brummelaar, D. R. Gies, C. D. Farrington, B. Kloppenborg + et al. High spatial resolution is needed to study the early development of a nova, here measurements of the angular size and radial velocity of Nova Delphini 2013 reveal early structures in the ejected material and a geometric distance to the nova of about 4.5 kiloparsecs from the Sun. Experimental realization of the topological Haldane model with ultracold fermions Gregor Jotzu, Michael Messer, Rémi Desbuquois, Martin Lebrat, Thomas Uehlinger + et al. The Haldane model, which predicts complex topological states of matter, has been implemented by placing ultracold atoms in a tunable optical lattice that was deformed and shaken. See also News & Views by Simon See also Letter by Roushan et al. Observation of topological transitions in interacting quantum circuits P. Roushan, C. Neill, Yu Chen, M. Kolodrubetz, C. Quintana + et al. Superconducting quantum circuits are used to directly observe and characterize topological phase transitions, this approach promises to be a powerful and general platform for characterizing topological phenomena in quantum systems. See also News & Views by Simon See also Letter by Jotzu et al. Interfacial mo. Hardcover.

Condition: Gut. Climate science: Understand Arctic methane variability Expand ground monitoring of polar sources of this greenhouse gas to find out how climate change will influence its release, says Torben R. Christensen. Policy: NIH to balance sex in cell and animal studies Janine A. Clayton and Francis S. Collins unveil policies to ensure that preclinical research funded by the US National Institutes of Health considers females and males. Sociobiology: The distributed brain Herbert Gintis salutes the follow-up to a study on sociality and hominin brain size. Review of Thinking Big: How the Evolution of Social Life Shaped the Human Mind Clive Gamble, John Gowlett & Robin Dunbar Books in brief Chemistry: Intoxicating science Jamie Goode drinks in two views of that most venerable and destructive drug alcohol. Review of Proof: The Science of Booze & The Drunken Monkey: Why We Drink and Abuse Alcohol Adam Rogers & Robert Dudley Development: Dammed dreams Monya Baker is swept along by a documentary film tracing humanity, s complex relationship with water. Review of Watermark Edward Burtynsky & Jennifer Baichwal Climate science: Shifting storms Hamish Ramsay See also Letter by Kossin et al. Synthetic biology: New letters for life, s alphabet Ross Thyer & Jared Ellefson See also Letter by Malyshev et al. Organic chemistry: Collaborative synthesis John L. Wood See also Article by Mercado-Marin et al. Neurobiology: To care or not to care Ivan Rodriguez See also Article by Wu et al. 50 & 100 Years Ago Sensory biology: Radio waves zap the biomagnetic compass Joseph L. Kirschvink See also Letter by Engels et al. Evolution: Geology and climate drive diversification Rosemary G. Gillespie & George K. Roderick Articles Top Total synthesis and isolation of citrinalin and cyclopiamine congeners Eduardo V. Mercado-Marin, Pablo Garcia-Reynaga, Stelamar Romminger, Eli. F. Pimenta, David K. Romney + et al. Natural products citrinalin B and cyclopiamine B, which contain basic nitrogen atoms that are susceptible to oxidation during synthesis, can be synthesized by the selective introduction and removal of functional groups. See also News & Views by Wood Galanin neurons in the medial preoptic area govern parental behaviour Zheng Wu, Anita E. Autry, Joseph F. Bergan, Mitsuko Watabe-Uchida & Catherine G. Dulac Sexual experience brings radical changes in how male mice behave with pups virgin males attack them whereas mature fathers display parental care, here the authors identify a subset of hypothalamic neurons whose ablation leads to parental deficits in both males and females, and whose activation in virgin males suppresses aggression and induces pup grooming. See also News & Views by Rodriguez Space time wiring specificity supports direction selectivity in the retina Jinseop S. Kim, Matthew J. Greene, Aleksandar Zlateski, Kisuk Lee, Mark Richardson + et al. Motion detection by the retina is thought to rely largely on the biophysics of starburst amacrine cell dendrites, here machine learning is used with gamified crowdsourcing to draw the wiring diagram involving amacrine and bipolar cells to identify a plausible circuit mechanism for direction selectivity, the model suggests similarities between mammalian and insect vision. c-kit+ cells minimally contribute cardiomyocytes to the heart Jop H. van Berlo, Onur Kanisicak, Marjorie Maillet, Ronald J. Vagnozzi, Jason Karch + et al. Whether or not endogenous c-kit+ cells residing within the heart contribute cardiomyocytes during physiological ageing or after injury remains unknown, here, using an inducible lineage tracing system, the c-kit+ lineage is shown to generate cardiomyocytes at very low levels, and, by contrast, contributes substantially to cardiac endothelial cell generation. Letters Top Cepheid variables in the flared outer disk of our galaxy Michael W. Feast, John W. Menzies, Noriyuki Matsunaga & Patricia A. Whitelock Five classical Cepheids have been detected in the outer parts of our Galaxy beyond the Galactic bulge, they are probably associated with the gas in the flared disk and, if so, they are the first stars to be identified in the flare. Tracking excited-state charge and spin dynamics in iron coordination complexes Wenkai Zhang, Roberto Alonso-Mori, Uwe Bergmann, Christian Bressler, Matthieu Chollet + et al. Femtosecond resolution X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is shown to track the charge and spin dynamics triggered when an iron coordination complex is excited by light, and establishes the critical role of intermediate spin states in the de-excitation process. The poleward migration of the location of tropical cyclone maximum intensity James P. Kossin, Kerry A. Emanuel & Gabriel A. Vecchi Analysis of global historical data in the Northern and Southern hemispheres reveals a statistically significant, poleward migration of 1 per decade in the average latitude at which tropical cyclones have achieved their lifetime-maximum intensity over the past 30 years. See also News & Views by Ramsay Anthropogenic electromagnetic noise disrupts magnetic compass orientation in a migratory bird Svenja Engels, Nils-Lasse Schneider, Nele Lefeldt, Christine Maira Hein, Manuela Zapka + et al. For the first time under reproducible and fully double-blinded conditions, it is shown that anthropogenic electromagnetic noise below the WHO limits affects a biological system: night-migrating birds lose the ability to use the Earth s magnetic field for orientation when exposed to anthropogenic electromagnetic noise at strengths routinely produced by commonly used electronic devices. See also News & Views by Kirschvink Dynamics and associations of microbial community types across the human body Tao Ding & Patrick D. Schloss The microbiome composition of 300 individuals sampled over 12 18 months was partitioned into microbial community types, which could be associated with the type found at other body sites, as well as with whether individuals were breastfed as an infant, their gender and their. Hardcover.

Condition: Gut. Physics: QBism puts the scientist back into science A participatory view of science resolves quantum paradoxes and finds room in classical physics for , the Now, , says N. David Mermin. Preclinical research: Make mouse studies work More investment to characterize animal models can boost the ability of preclinical work to predict drug effects in humans, says Steve Perrin. In Retrospect: The Social Function of Science Roger Pielke Jr assesses the legacy of J. D. Bernal, s science-policy classic on its 75th anniversary. Review of The Social Function of Science J. D. Bernal Microbiology: Majority rule Mark O. Martin relishes a stimulating tour of , little lives, , from fungi to bacteria. Review of The Amoeba in the Room: Lives of the Microbes Nicholas P. Money Books in brief Mathematics: Numbers game George Szpiro enjoys a history of the slow but irresistible rise of mathematical symbols. Review of Enlightening Symbols: A Short History of Mathematical Notation and Its Hidden Powers Joseph Mazur Neuroscience: Updating views of visual updating John A. Assad See also Letter by Zirnsak et al. Solar System: Stranded in no-man, s-land Megan E. Schwamb See also Letter by Trujillo & Sheppard Biogeochemistry: Methane minimalism Tori M. Hoehler & Marc J. Alperin See also Letter by Yvon-Durocher et al. Climate science: A high bar for decadal forecasts of El Niño Pedro DiNezio Alzheimer, s disease: A protective factor for the ageing brain Li-Huei Tsai & Ram Madabhushi See also Article by Lu et al. Low-temperature physics: Chaos in the cold Paul S. Julienne See also Letter by Frisch et al. Osteoarthritis: The zinc link Virginia Byers Kraus Perspectives Top The ultimate physical limits of privacy Artur Ekert & Renato Renner Developments in quantum cryptography show that it is possible to protect secrets from those with superior technology, those who profess to provide our security and even those who manipulate us without our knowledge under surprisingly weak assumptions. Articles Top REST and stress resistance in ageing and Alzheimer s disease Tao Lu, Liviu Aron, Joseph Zullo, Ying Pan, Haeyoung Kim + et al. REST, a developmental regulator, is markedly induced in human neurons during ageing but is lost in Alzheimer s disease, REST represses genes that promote neurodegeneration, is neuroprotective in animal models, and is associated with cognitive preservation and longevity in humans. See also News & Views by Tsai & Madabhushi An atlas of active enhancers across human cell types and tissues Robin Andersson, Claudia Gebhard, Irene Miguel-Escalada, Ilka Hoof, Jette Bornholdt + et al. Using the FANTOM5 CAGE expression atlas, the authors show that bidirectional capped RNAs are a signature feature of active enhancers and identify over 40,000 enhancer candidates from over 800 human cell and tissue samples across the whole human body. A promoter-level mammalian expression atlas The FANTOM Consortium and the RIKEN PMI and CLST (DGT) A study from the FANTOM consortium using single-molecule cDNA sequencing of transcription start sites and their usage in human and mouse primary cells, cell lines and tissues reveals insights into the specificity and diversity of transcription patterns across different mammalian cell types. Letters Top A Sedna-like body with a perihelion of 80 astronomical units Chadwick A. Trujillo & Scott S. Sheppard The discovery of the distant dwarf planet 2012 VP113, with its large perihelion like that of the dwarf planet Sedna, shows that Sedna is not isolated and may be part of the putative massive inner Oort cloud, which extends far beyond the observable Solar System. See also News & Views by Schwamb Quantum chaos in ultracold collisions of gas-phase erbium atoms Albert Frisch, Michael Mark, Kiyotaka Aikawa, Francesca Ferlaino, John L. Bohn + et al. An ultracold gas of erbium atoms is shown to have many scattering resonances whose quantum fluctuations exhibit chaotic behaviour resulting from the anisotropy of the atoms interactions. See also News & Views by Julienne Reconciliation of the carbon budget in the ocean s twilight zone Sarah L. C. Giering, Richard Sanders, Richard S. Lampitt, Thomas R. Anderson, Christian Tamburini + et al. The discrepancy between the components of the oceanic carbon budget export of carbon from the surface and its conversion into carbon dioxide by water-column biota at depth is reconciled using field data and a steady-state model which indicates that synergy between microbes and zooplankton is an important factor. Geomagnetic fluctuations reveal stable stratification at the top of the Earth s core Bruce Buffett MAC waves (arising from magnetic, Archimedes and Coriolis forces) in the liquid core indicate a 140-kilometre-thick stratified layer on top of the Earth s core and account for the 60-year geomagnetic fluctuations observed in the Earth s geomagnetic field. Methane fluxes show consistent temperature dependence across microbial to ecosystem scales Gabriel Yvon-Durocher, Andrew P. Allen, David Bastviken, Ralf Conrad, Cristian Gudasz + et al. Meta-analyses show that the temperature dependence of methane fluxes scales consistently across populations of methanogens, microbial communities and whole ecosystems, and that this temperature dependence is higher than for respiration and photosynthesis, this indicates that global warming may impact the relative contributions of CO2 and CH4 to total greenhouse gas emissions. See also News & Views by Hoehler & Alperin Geographical limits to species-range shifts are suggested by climate velocity Michael T. Burrows, David S. Schoeman, Anthony J. Richardson, Jorge García Molinos, Ary Hoffmann + et al. Global maps constructed using climate-change velocities to derive spatial trajectories for climatic niches between 1960 and 2100 show past and future shifts in ecological climate niches, properties of these trajectories are used to infer changes in species distributions, and thus identify areas that will act as climate sources and. Hardcover.

Condition: Gut. Mental health: A road map for suicide research and prevention It is time for policy-makers, funders, researchers and clinicians to tackle high suicide rates, say André Aleman and Damiaan Denys. Evolutionary biology: Darwin and the women Sarah S. Richardson relishes a study of how nineteenth-century US feminists used the biologist, s ideas. Review of From Eve to Evolution: Darwin, Science, and Women, s Rights in Gilded Age America Kimberly A. Hamlin Information technology: Forgotten prophet of the Internet Philip Ball ponders the tale of a librarian who dreamed of networking information. Review of Cataloging the World: Paul Otlet and the Birth of the Information Age Alex Wright European pollution: Investigate smog to inform policy Paul S. Monks Databases: Soil observatory lets researchers dig deep Russell Lawley, Bridget A. Emmett & David A. Robinson Health care: Strict vaccine quality control in China Zhenglun Liang, Qunying Mao & Junzhi Wang Political ecology: Rethink Campania, s toxic-waste scandal Giacomo D, Alisa, Marco Armiero & Salvatore Paolo De Rosa Technology: Internal factors drive Chinese patent surge Ching-Yan Wu, Mei-Chih Hu & John A. Mathews Epigenetics: Keeping one, s sex Douglas L. Chalker See also Article by Singh et al. Astrophysics: Windy stars that go with a bang John J. Eldridge See also Letter by Gal-Yam et al. Physiology: Double function at the blood brain barrier Christer Betsholtz See also Letter by Nguyen et al. See also Letter by Ben-Zvi et al. Materials chemistry: Selectivity from flexibility Ryotaro Matsuda Cancer: Darwinian tumour suppression Eduardo Moreno See also Article by Martins et al. Earth science: Fertile fields for seismicity Paul Lundgren See also Letter by Amos et al. Articles Top Genome-defence small RNAs exapted for epigenetic mating-type inheritance Deepankar Pratap Singh, Baptiste Saudemont, Gérard Guglielmi, Olivier Arnaiz, Jean-François Goût + et al. The molecular basis for mating-type determination in the ciliate Paramecium has been elucidated, revealing a novel function for a class of small RNAs these scnRNAs are typically involved in reprogramming the Paramecium genome during sexual reproduction by recognizing and excising transposable elements, but they are now found to be co-opted to switch off expression of the newly identified mating-type gene mtA by excising its promoter, and to mediate epigenetic inheritance of mating types across sexual generations. See also News & Views by Chalker Amygdala interneuron subtypes control fear learning through disinhibition Steffen B. E. Wolff, Jan Gründemann, Philip Tovote, Sabine Krabbe, Gilad A. Jacobson + et al. Plasticity within neuronal microcircuits is believed to be the substrate of learning, and this study identifies two distinct disinhibitory mechanisms involving interactions between PV+ and SOM+ interneurons that dynamically regulate principal neuron activity in the amygdala and thereby control auditory fear learning. Contrasting forms of cocaine-evoked plasticity control components of relapse Vincent Pascoli, Jean Terrier, Julie Espallergues, Emmanuel Valjent, Eoin Cornelius O Connor + et al. Information integration in the nucleus accumbens is commandeered by cocaine at discrete synapses to allow relapse. Cell competition is a tumour suppressor mechanism in the thymus Vera C. Martins, Katrin Busch, Dilafruz Juraeva, Carmen Blum, Carolin Ludwig + et al. T cells develop from thymic precursor cells that are constantly replaced with newly arriving bone marrow progenitor cells, and the old and new cells are shown here to compete, in the absence of cell competition, when the influx of new bone marrow progenitor cells is blocked, the old cells acquire the ability to self-renew and eventually become transformed, leading to the development of a form of leukaemia. See also News & Views by Moreno Letters Top A Wolf Rayet-like progenitor of SN 2013cu from spectral observations of a stellar wind Avishay Gal-Yam, I. Arcavi, E. O. Ofek, S. Ben-Ami, S. B. Cenko + et al. The detection of strong emission lines in an early-time spectrum of type IIb supernova SN 2013cu reveals Wolf Rayet-like wind signatures, suggesting that the supernova s progenitor may have been a Wolf Rayet star with a wind dominated by helium and nitrogen, with traces of hydrogen. See also News & Views by Eldridge Practical quantum key distribution protocol without monitoring signal disturbance Toshihiko Sasaki, Yoshihisa Yamamoto & Masato Koashi Conventional quantum cryptography relies on monitoring signal disturbance to make sure that information leakage is negligible, here a new quantum method of achieving security is described, in which little information is leaked to the eavesdropper regardless of the signal disturbance. Future increases in Arctic precipitation linked to local evaporation and sea-ice retreat R. Bintanja & F. M. Selten Precipitation is expected to increase far more over the twenty-first century in the Arctic than the global average, climate models show that this is driven mainly by increased local evaporation and sea-ice retreat, rather than by increased moisture transport from lower latitudes. Uplift and seismicity driven by groundwater depletion in central California Colin B. Amos, Pascal Audet, William C. Hammond, Roland Bürgmann, Ingrid A. Johanson + et al. Human-caused groundwater depletion in California s San Joaquin Valley contributes to uplift of the surrounding mountains and may affect the stability of the San Andreas Fault. See also News & Views by Lundgren High-throughput screening of a CRISPR/Cas9 library for functional genomics in human cells Yuexin Zhou, Shiyou Zhu, Changzu Cai, Pengfei Yuan, Chunmei Li + et al. This study describes the construction of a focused CRISPR/Cas-based lentiviral library in human cells and a method of gene identification based on functional screening and high-throughput sequencing analysis. Copper is required for oncogenic BRAF signalling and tumorigenesis Donita C. Brady, Ma. Hardcover.

Condition: Gut. Policy: An intergovernmental panel on antimicrobial resistance Drug-resistant microbes are spreading. A coordinated, global effort is needed to keep drugs working and develop alternatives, say Mark Woolhouse and Jeremy Farrar. Health care: Bring microbial sequencing to hospitals Analysing bacterial and viral DNA can help doctors to pick effective drugs quickly, says Sharon Peacock. Cosmology: Matter and mixology Francis Halzen is exhilarated by an account of the hunt for the particles of dark matter. Review of The Cosmic Cocktail: Three Parts Dark Matter Katherine Freese Books in brief Q&A: The space crusader US astronomer Neil deGrasse Tyson, director of New York, s Hayden Planetarium, currently hosts the television series Cosmos an update of Carl Sagan, s 1980 show broadcast in 181 countries and 45 languages. As it winds down, Tyson talks about the rich mix of science and pop culture, the , neurosynaptic snapshot, of public responses to his tweets, and his momentous meeting with Sagan. Cancer Herb Brody Statistics: Attacking an epidemic Mike May Therapy: This time it, s personal Lauren Gravitz Clinical trials: More trials, fewer tribulations Michael Eisenstein Nanotechnology: Deliver on a promise Jessica Wright Comparative biology: Naked ambition Sarah Deweerdt Prevention: Air of danger Rebecca Kessler Developing world: Global warning Eric Bender Bioinformatics: Big data versus the big C Neil Savage Perspective: Learning to share John Quackenbush Biology: Three known unknowns Katherine Bourzac Climate science: A sink down under Daniel B. Metcalfe See also Letter by Poulter et al. Microbiology: Barriers to the spread of resistance Morten O. A. Sommer See also Letter by Forsberg et al. Materials science: Energy storage wrapped up Yury Gogotsi 50 & 100 Years Ago Developmental genetics: Female silkworms have the sex factor Franti ek Marec See also Letter by Kiuchi et al. Precision measurement: The magnetic proton V. Alan Kostelecký See also Letter by Mooser et al. Cardiovascular biology: Switched at birth Katherine E. Yutzey Immunology: To affinity and beyond David M. Tarlinton See also Letter by Gitlin et al. Articles Top A draft map of the human proteome Min-Sik Kim, Sneha M. Pinto, Derese Getnet, Raja Sekhar Nirujogi, Srikanth S. Manda + et al. A draft map of the human proteome is presented here, accounting for over 80% of the annotated protein-coding genes in humans, some novel protein-coding regions, including translated pseudogenes, non-coding RNAs and upstream open reading frames, are identified. Mass-spectrometry-based draft of the human proteome Mathias Wilhelm, Judith Schlegl, Hannes Hahne, Amin Moghaddas Gholami, Marcus Lieberenz + et al. A mass-spectrometry-based draft of the human proteome and a public database for analysis of proteome data are presented, assembled information is used to estimate the size of the protein-coding genome, to identify organ-specific proteins, proteins predicting drug resistance or sensitivity, and many translated long intergenic non-coding RNAs, and to reveal conserved control of protein abundance. Structural basis of the non-coding RNA RsmZ acting as a protein sponge Olivier Duss, Erich Michel, Maxim Yulikov, Mario Schubert, Gunnar Jeschke + et al. A novel combined NMR and EPR spectroscopy approach reveals the structure and assembly mechanism of a 70-kDa bacterial ribonucleoprotein complex acting as a protein sponge in translational regulation. Letters Top Three regimes of extrasolar planet radius inferred from host star metallicities Lars A. Buchhave, Martin Bizzarro, David W. Latham, Dimitar Sasselov, William D. Cochran + et al. Analysis of the metallicities of more than 400 stars hosting 600 candidate extrasolar planets shows that the planets can be categorized by size into three populations terrestrial-like planets, gas dwarf planets with rocky cores and hydrogen helium envelopes, and ice or gas giant planets on the basis of host star metallicity. Direct high-precision measurement of the magnetic moment of the proton A. Mooser, S. Ulmer, K. Blaum, K. Franke, H. Kracke + et al. The magnetic moment of the proton is directly measured with unprecedented precision using a double Penning trap. See also News & Views by Kostelecký Contribution of semi-arid ecosystems to interannual variability of the global carbon cycle Benjamin Poulter, David Frank, Philippe Ciais, Ranga B. Myneni, Niels Andela + et al. The unusually large land carbon sink reported in 2011 can mostly be attributed to semi-arid vegetation growth in the Southern Hemisphere following increased rainfall and long-term greening trends. See also News & Views by Metcalfe Storm-induced sea-ice breakup and the implications for ice extent A. L. Kohout, M. J. M. Williams, S. M. Dean & M. H. Meylan Concurrent observations at multiple locations indicate that storm-generated ocean waves propagating through Antarctic sea ice can transport enough energy to break first-year sea ice hundreds of kilometres from the ice edge, which is much farther than would be predicted by the commonly assumed exponential wave decay. A Palaeozoic shark with osteichthyan-like branchial arches Alan Pradel, John G. Maisey, Paul Tafforeau, Royal H. Mapes & Jon Mallatt A description of the gill skeleton of a very early fossil shark-like fish shows that it bears more resemblance to gill skeletons from bony fishes rather than to those from modern cartilaginous fishes, suggesting that modern sharks are not anatomically primitive, as previously thought. Bacterial phylogeny structures soil resistomes across habitats Kevin J. Forsberg, Sanket Patel, Molly K. Gibson, Christian L. Lauber, Rob Knight + et al. Functional metagenomic selections for resistance to 18 antibiotics in 18 different soils reveal that bacterial community composition is the primary determinant of soil antibiotic resistance gene content. See also News & Views by Sommer Epidermal Merkel cells are mechanosensory cells that tune mammalian touch receptors Srdjan Mak. Hardcover.

Condition: Gut. Working together: A call for inclusive conservation Heather Tallis, Jane Lubchenco and 238 co-signatories petition for an end to the infighting that is stalling progress in protecting the planet. Conservation: A to-do list for the world, s parks Experts share their priorities for what must be done to make protected areas more effective at conserving global biodiversity. Economics: Account for depreciation of natural capital Economic indicators that omit the depletion and degradation of natural resources and ecosystems are misleading, warns Edward B. Barbier. History of science: Chemists behaving badly Theodore Gray revels in the ego-ridden story of the elements that never were. Review of The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table, s Shadow Side Marco Fontani, Mariagrazia Costa & Mary Virginia Orna Books in brief Barbara Kiser reviews five of the week, s best science picks. Chemistry: A life in science and literature Alison Abbott reviews the latest autobiography of Carl Djerassi, father of the Pill. Review of In Retrospect: From the Pill to the Pen Carl Djerassi Insight: Sustainable ecosystems and society Sustainable ecosystems and society Patrick Goymer Implications of agricultural transitions and urbanization for ecosystem services Graeme S. Cumming, Andreas Buerkert, Ellen M. Hoffmann, Eva Schlecht, Stephan von Cramon-Taubadel + et al. Learning to coexist with wildfire Max A. Moritz, Enric Batllori, Ross A. Bradstock, A. Malcolm Gill, John Handmer + et al. The performance and potential of protected areas James E. M. Watson, Nigel Dudley, Daniel B. Segan & Marc Hockings Accelerator physics: Surf, s up at SLAC Mike Downer & Rafal Zgadzaj See also Letter by Litos et al. Developmental biology: Cells unite by trapping a signal James Sharpe See also Letter by Durdu et al. Astrophysics: Monster star found hiding in plain sight Donald F. Figer 50 & 100 Years Ago Ecology: Diversity breeds complementarity David Tilman & Emilie C. Snell-Rood See also Letter by Zuppinger-Dingley et al. Organic chemistry: Shape control in reactions with light Kazimer L. Skubi & Tehshik P. Yoon See also Letter by Huo et al. Cancer: Metastasis risk after anti-macrophage therapy Ioanna Keklikoglou & Michele De Palma See also Letter by Bonapace et al. Articles Top Life cycles, fitness decoupling and the evolution of multicellularity Katrin Hammerschmidt, Caroline J. Rose, Benjamin Kerr & Paul B. Rainey Simple cooperating groups of bacteria reproduced either by embracing or purging cheating types, those that embraced cheats adopted a life cycle of alternating phenotypic states, underpinned by a developmental switch that allowed the fitness of collectives to decouple from the fitness of constituent cells. Architecture of mammalian respiratory complex I Kutti R. Vinothkumar, Jiapeng Zhu & Judy Hirst Complex I is the first enzyme of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and it is essential for oxidative phosphorylation in mammalian mitochondria, here the electron cryo-microscopy structure of complex I from bovine heart mitochondria is reported, advancing knowledge of its structure in mammals. Letters Top Turbulent heating in galaxy clusters brightest in X-rays I. Zhuravleva, E. Churazov, A. A. Schekochihin, S. W. Allen, P. Arévalo + et al. Analysis of X-ray data of galaxy clusters shows that turbulent heating of the intracluster medium is sufficient to counteract the radiative energy losses from the medium. Suppression of cooling by strong magnetic fields in white dwarf stars G. Valyavin, D. Shulyak, G. A. Wade, K. Antonyuk, S. V. Zharikov + et al. Cool white dwarf stars often have mysteriously strong magnetic fields (because their coolness suggests that they are old, and magnetic fields should decline in strength with age) and unexplained brightness variations, here the magnetic field is shown to suppress atmospheric convection, inhibiting cooling evolution and causing dark spots. High-efficiency acceleration of an electron beam in a plasma wakefield accelerator M. Litos, E. Adli, W. An, C. I. Clarke, C. E. Clayton + et al. To develop plasma wakefield acceleration into a compact and affordable replacement for conventional accelerators, beams of charged particles must be accelerated at high efficiency in a high electric field, here this is demonstrated for a bunch of charged electrons surfing on a previously excited plasma wave. See also News & Views by Downer & Zgadzaj Solution-processed, high-performance light-emitting diodes based on quantum dots Xingliang Dai, Zhenxing Zhang, Yizheng Jin, Yuan Niu, Hujia Cao + et al. The insertion of an insulating layer into a multilayer light-emitting diode (LED) based on quantum dots and produced by depositing the layers from solution increases the performance of the LEDs to levels comparable to those of state-of-the-art organic LEDs produced by vacuum deposition, while retaining the advantages of solution processing. Asymmetric photoredox transition-metal catalysis activated by visible light Haohua Huo, Xiaodong Shen, Chuanyong Wang, Lilu Zhang, Philipp Röse + et al. A chiral iridium complex serves as a sensitizer for photoredox catalysis and at the same time provides very effective asymmetric induction for the enantioselective alkylation of 2-acyl imidazoles, the metal centre simultaneously serves as the exclusive source of chirality, the catalytically active Lewis acid centre, and the photoredox centre. See also News & Views by Skubi & Yoon Recent Northern Hemisphere stratospheric HCl increase due to atmospheric circulation changes E. Mahieu, M. P. Chipperfield, J. Notholt, T. Reddmann, J. Anderson + et al. Policies have been in place since 1987 to reduce the release of chlorine atoms in the stratosphere, where they deplete ozone, here observations show that since 2007 hydrogen chloride has been increasing in the lower stratosphere of the Northern Hemisphere, an increase that is attributed to a slowdown in atmospheric circulation. Selection for niche differentiation in plant comm. Hardcover.