In the shrinking arms market of the post-Cold War era, countries with advanced arms industries face difficult choices concerning force size, arms production, arms export and defence industrial capacity. This work explores the links among these issues through a detailed study of the combat aircraft industries in the United States, Russia, Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Sweden - the seven countries that develop, produce and export all of the world's technologically-advanced weapon systems. The studies show how military strategy, planned forces and the age of systems in the current inventory affect the domestic demand for new production; how the recent drop in domestic demand affects arms industries; and the extent to which governments and firms in the arms-producing nations are turning to exports to sustain the industries. Dramatic changes in Russia's combat aircraft forces, industry and strategy are detailed here for the first time, as are expected future Russian combat aircraft exports to China.
Newly-compiled data also shows that in the United States and Russia and globally, arms production for export will exceed production for domestic use for the first time in history, starting in 1995. Arms production is thus increasingly dominated by commercial rather than security interests. Ultimately at issue is whether governments will exploit the opportunity offered by the dramatic post-Cold War contraction of the world arms market to reduce their armed forces and constrain international arms trade while shrinking the arms industry - or keep pushing arms exports that generate new threats and justify larger armed forces, more arms production and bigger arms industries.
Steven E. Miller is director of the International Security Program at the Belfer Center. Sean M. Lynn-Jones is Editor of International Security, the International Security Program's quarterly journal. He is also series editor of the Belfer Center Studies in International Security, the Program's book series that is published by MIT Press.