As time passed the people frequently found castles to be places of refuge in times of trouble, and the baron's knights and men-at-arms often became the peasants' only protection against outlaw bands. But in times of civil war or when the king's rule broke down, masters of castles could behave in any way they wished.
The results were sometimes terrible, as in the strife-ridden reign of King Stephen when, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:
"Every powerful man built his castles and held them against him [the king] and they filled the country full of castles.... When the castles were built they filled them with devils and with wicked men. Then both by night and by day they took those people they thought had any goods, both men and women, put them in prison and tortured them with indescribable torture to extort gold and silver. No martyrs were ever tortured as they were. They hung by the thumbs or by the heads and corslets were hung on their feet. Knotted ropes were put round their heads and twisted till they penetrated to the brain. I have neither the ability nor the power to tell all the horrors or all the torments then inflicted upon the wretched people in this country."
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