Synopsis
Ecotoxicology is the science that seeks to predict the impacts of chemi cals upon ecosystems. This involves describing and predicting ecological changes ensuing from a variety of human activities that involve release of xenobiotic and other chemicals to the environment. A fundamental principle of ecotoxicology is embodied in the notion of change. Ecosystems themselves are constantly changing due to natural processes, and it is a challenge to distinguish the effects of anthropogenic activities against this background of fluctuations in the natural world. With the frustratingly large, diverse, and ever-emerging sphere of envi ronmental problems that ecotoxicology must address, the approaches to individual problems also must vary. In part, as a consequence, there is no established protocol for application of the science to environmental prob lem-solving. The conceptual and methodological bases for ecotoxicology are, how ever, in their infancy, and thus still growing with new experiences. In deed, the only robust generalization for research on different ecosystems and different chemical stresses seems to be a recognition of the necessity of an ecosystem perspective as focus for assessment. This ecosystem basis for ecotoxicology was the major theme of a previous pUblication by the Ecosystems Research Center at Cornell University, a special issue of Environmental Management (Levin et al. 1984). With that effort, we also recognized an additional necessity: there should be a continued develop ment of methods and expanded recognition of issues for ecotoxicology and for the associated endeavor of environmental management.
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Ecotoxicology: Problems and Approaches
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Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1989
ISBN 10: 3540967621
ISBN 13: 9783540967620
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Hardcover
Seller: books4less (Versandantiquariat Petra Gros GmbH & Co. KG), Welling, Germany
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gebundene Ausgabe. Condition: Gut. 547 Seiten Das hier angebotene Buch stammt aus einer teilaufgelösten wissenschaftlichen Bibliothek und trägt die entsprechenden Kennzeichnungen (Rückenschild, Instituts-Stempel.). Der Buchzustand ist ansonsten ordentlich und dem Alter entsprechend gut. Simon A. Levin Mark A. Harwell John R. Kelly Kenneth D. Kimball Editors Ecotoxicology: Problems and Approaches With 91 Figures Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris TokyoContents Preface v Contributors xiii Part I Ecotoxicology: Problems and Approaches \ Chapter 1 Ecotoxicology: Problems and Approaches 3 Simon A. Levin, Mark A. Harwell, John R. Kelly, and Kenneth D. Kimball Chapter 2 Indicators of Ecosystem Response and Recovery 9 John R. Kelly and Mark A. Harwell 2.1 Stress, Ecosystem Response, and Recovery 13 2.2 A Focus on Useful Ecological Endpoints 22 2.3 Ecosystem Indicators 26 2.4 Conclusion 32 Part II Responses of Ecosystems to Chemical Stress Chapter 3 Effects of Heavy Metals in a Polluted Aquatic Ecosystem 41 Paul L. Klerks and Jeffrey S. Levinton 3.1 Approaches 42viii Contents 3.2 Some Background on Metal-Polluted Foundry Cove 45 3.3 Effects of Heavy Metals on the Composition of the -'Macrobenthos 49 3.4 The Evolution of Resistance to Heavy Metals 49 3.5 Heavy Metal Accumulation and Detoxification in Resistant Biota 54 3.6 Conclusion 61 Chapter 4 Determining the Ecological Effects of Oil Pollution in Marine Ecosystems 69 Robert W. Howarth 4.1 Acute Toxicity, the LD Approach 70 50 4.2 Ecosystem-Level Approaches 72 4.3 Effects of Oil Pollution on Benthic Communities 74 4.4 Effects of Oil Pollution on Planktonic Communities 79 4.5 Significance of the Observed Ecosystem Effects 84 4.6 Conclusions 87 Chapter 5 The Effects of Chemical Stress on Aquatic Species Composition and Community Structure 99 Jesse Ford 5.1 Information Required for Effective Resource Management 100 5.2 Methodologies Used in the Study of Chemical Stress Effects 101 5.3 Early Studies of Community Composition and Structure as Indicators of Chemical Stress: The Historical Context 105 5.4 Structural Changes 107 5.5 Conclusions \ 129 Chapter 6 Theoretical and Methodological Reasons for Variability in the Responses of Aquatic Ecosystem Processes to Chemical Stresses 145 Suzanne N. Levine > 6.1 The Global Significance of Ecosystem Processes and Chemical Stresses 145 6.2 The Detection of Ecosystem Responses to Stress 148 6.3 Terminology 149 6.4 Methodological Issues 150 6.5 Mechanistic Issues 156 6.6 Effects of Chemical Stress on Functional Networks 169Contents ix 6.7 Chemical Stress Effects on Interactions Between Functional Networks 172 6.8 Indices of Ecosystem Health 173 6.9 Conclusions 174 Chapter 7 The Effects of Chemicals on the Structure of Terrestrial Ecosystems: Mechanisms and Patterns of Change 181 David A. Weinstein and Elaine M. Birk 7.1 Mechanisms of Chemical Exposure 184 7.2 Effects of Disturbance on Organisms 186 7.3 Consequences of Organism Injury to Alterations in Ecosystem Structure 191 7.4 Conclusions 203 Part III Methods and Models Chapter 8 Models in Ecotoxicology: Methodological Aspects 213 Simon A. Levin 8.1 Physical and Biological Scales 215 8.2 Aggregation, Simplification, and the Problem of Dimensionality 216 8.3 Equilibrium and Variability 218 Chapter 9 Mathematical ModelsFate, Transport, and Food Chain 221 Donald J. O'Connor, John P. Connolly, and Edward J. Garland > 9.1 Components of Model 223 9.2 Transport, Salinity, and Solids Analyses 225 9.3 Organic Chemicals in the Water Column 229 9.4 Application to Kepone in the James River 231 9.5 Food Chain 234 9.6 Application to James River Striped Bass Food Chain 236 9.7 Conclusion 242 Chapter 10 Deterministic and Statistical Models of Chemical Fate in Aquatic Systems 245 Robert V. Thomann 10.1 Theory 246 10.2 Steady-State Simplification 257x Contents 10.3 Deterministic Time Variable Models 261 10.4 Statistical Variation in Fish 269 10.5 Conclusions 275 Chapter 11 Bioaccumulation of Hydrophobic Organic Pollutant Compounds 279 John W. Farrington 11.1 Physical-Chemical Considerations and Bioavailability 284 11.2 Biological Uptake, Retention, Metabolism, and Release 294 11.3 Bivalve Molluscs 301 11.4 Fish, Crustacea, and Polychaetes 306 11.5 Dietary Source of Organic Pollutants 307 11.6 Conclusion 308 Chapter 12 Environmental Chemical Stress Effects Associated with Carbon and Phosphorus Biogeochemical Cycles 315 Abraham Lerman, Fred T. Mackenzie, and Robert J. Geiger 12.1 Carbon Cycle 317 12.2 Phosphorus Cycle 324 12.3 Simple Cycle Models 326 12.4 Analysis of Environmental Stresses in Carbon and Phosphorus Cycles 331 12.5 Stresses and Perturbations in the Carbon and Phosphorus Cycles 335 12.6 Sensitivity of Nutrient Flows to Bio tic and Mineral Controls 344 12.7 Conclusion 348 Chapter 13 Biomonitoring: Closing the Loop in the Environmental Sciences 351 Edwin E. Herricks, David J. Schaeffer, and James A. Perry 13.1 Biomonitoring Programs for Ecosystems 352 13.2 Improving Biomonitoring Programs 354 13.3 Ecotoxicological and Biomonitoring Systems 364 Chapter 14 The Role of Terrestrial Microcosms and Mesocosms in Ecotoxicologic Research 367 James W. Gillett 14.1 Historical Perspective 367Contents xi 14.2 Microcosms as an Appropriate Technology 371 14.3 Mesocosms as an Appropriate Technology 378 14.4 Relationship to Mathematical Modeling 382 14.5 Ecotoxicological Applications of Microcosms and Mesocosms 383 14.6 Conclusions 399 14.7 Summary 400 Chapter 15 The Role of Aquatic Microcosms in Ecotoxicologic Research as Illustrated by Large Marine Systems 411 Juanita N. Gearing 15.1 Types of Microcosms 414 15.2 Applicability of Microcosm Results to Nature 421 15.3 Comparison of Microcosms with Other Experimental Approaches 433 15.4 Representative Results from Microcosms 441 15.5 Conclusion 448 Part IV Ecotoxicological Decision Making Chapter 16 Ecotoxicology Beyond Sensitivity: A Case Study Involving "Unreasonableness" of Environmental Change 473 John R. Kelly 16.1 Potential Impacts on Seag. Seller Inventory # 1020838